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MANUAL 
OF 
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tor use Gin ‘the 


Er Oren CAL EWG INE ER RIA G Des BOR AnT-0 GY 


UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 


Prepared by 
Wm, S. Aldrich, ME. 


W. HH. Browne, dJr.,; ‘A.Be 


ee ee ee es ee 


UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 


jes ORS 





7, 





- - “oa 


3%, AEN wen ‘ ~€ 'e ea na dept . 
Department of Eleaetrical Engineering. 


ends University. of Illinois. 
ALim PLAN OF THE WORK, 
This Manuel has been prepared to serve ans an outline and a 


suide for. the students taking one: om more..o?.the fellowine courses 


fi 


in the Electrical Ineinecering Laboratory of the University of I11- 


IMOAks. Bede lel, Bey Gay Oty Boy Soe The respattive Fields cov= 


ored br these courses will be found outlined on pages, ii - v. The 
experiments are not arrangrod in any fix -d order for the given courses 
much of the clenentary, work,1s..2aken by all of tharstudoentsy Selec- 
tions are Hace from the more advanced lines of work to meet the re- 
aif srs or each course assicned to the different classes: of stux 


ct ey: Ps 
The experinental work in the laboratory courses is co-ordinated 

+ 
ioesible with the lectures and the text-book studies of 





r 


the othor electrigal ensinsering courses of, inetructiony Actual 
practice by the student is regularly precedcd or supplemented by. 
illustrated lectures and exverinental demonstrations bearin® woon- 
the subject in hana. The work of the student is not necessarily 
limited by the sehedule, but is extended, as may be directed, while 
mnodirications of these experiments till sugrest themselves. Every 
student has an opportunity severais tines in each course to have 
respoisible charge of work, as the respective classes are divided 


into sections, of about six nembors each, with a different member in 


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621.3 : 


AL Zr Department of Electrical ER a a 
University of Illinois 


COURSES OF INSTRUCTION IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY.~Sheotl. 
Course 21.- For students in other courses of enginecring. 
Electrical measurements of direct and alternating currents. 


Direct current dynamos and motors: 
Study, inspection, operation and performance. 


Direct current dynamos: external charactoristics aun compounding. 
Direct current dynamos: coupling in series,parallel and 8-vire syster 


Alternating current machinery: operation and performance of transforn- 
ers. o.- Dynamos, synchronous and Ineuet.. Movers, synchronous converter 


Alternators: varallel working, synchronizing, single and polyphase, 
Power measurements and officiency tests: dynanos,motors, transformers. 


Blectrical transmission and distribution: : 
Inspection, management and testing of circuits and systems. 


Photometry: elements of photometric measurcnents of electric lamps. 


Course 22.- For junior clectrical engineering students. 


Direct current dynanos and motors: 
Study, inspection, operation and performance. 
Mechanical and electrical neasurenents and data. 


Direct current motors: special working,rerulation, Ward-Leonard syste! 


Direct current dynamos and motors: 
Distribution of potential ard magnetization curve 
Magnetic determinations, waste flux, leakage ercidsentes 


Direct current dynatos 
Electrical characteristics: internal external, armature, etc. 
Compounding and regulation. 
Coupling; in series, parallel and 3-tire systems. 
Equalizing compound dynamos. 
Stray power and efficiency determinations od dvnamos and motors. 


Motor—generator tests, dynamometer measurements, power and efficiency 


(ii) 











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Departnent of Electrical Engineering. 
University of Illinois. 


COURSES OF INSTRUCTION IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY.-Sheet:. 

Course 23.- For senior electrical engincerings students. 
Alternating current measurements: 

Inductance, canacity and power factor; mutual induction. 

Indnetanes. or capacity, in series and in. parallek, 

Inductance and canacity, in series and in pa werk, noutrali- 

Zation. 

Power measurements; high potential tests of insulation. 
Calibration of direct and alternating current instruvents. 
Transformers, - study, inspection, operation and performance. 
Potential, current and phase transformation: sineie, polyphase. 


$ 


Transformer testing: efficiency, losses, reculetion,. neavine ,Aveing, 


ft a 


Alternating current regulators, auto-transforners, reactance coils. 
Study, operation and performance. 


Alter NeORE - study and neasurcnents, mechanical and electrical data. 
Inductance of alternator arnatures. 


Alternators, - inspection, operation and worformance.. 
Aiternators, ~ exploring fields; magnetization and Enf. curves. 


Alternators, -— electrical characteristics, internal, external, regu= 
lation, ete. 


Alternators,— parallel working, synchroniumne. 
single and polyphase. 


Synchronous motors and synchronous (rotary) converters: operation, 
performance. 


Induction motors; operation, starting characteristics, performance. 


Stray power aid efficiency determinations: Alt. Cur. machinery. 


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Sa Se EL Re TELL F, 3 
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION IN ELECTRICAL FWGINLELRING LABORATORY, « Sneot 4 
Course £4.- For senior students in slectrical enzinecerinre. 


Generators, - regulation, efficiency, capacity, ins ulation, heating, 
tests. 
Electric Motors, - service performance, regulation end efficieney. 


Klectric meters and netering, = aitepection calibration, installation 
USC's : 
Blectric circuits, - inspection and testire for faults, grounds, in- 
sulaticn. 
ANnsiL_esion, — resulation performance and écononies of mi 
ed ahd cor:-osite systoms, direet and alte ernating current, 


3 


Electric pover plants, -—. tests of light, power .and t¥action plants, 
Se Fs 


Course 25.-Advanheed coétirse for @eniors in electrical enpineerin; 


Alternating current neasurements: 
Tigh as of whe variation or recisverée, self-induction and civa. 
ity in @ Series® circuits 
Effacits of the variation of frequenhéy upon inductance, capacity, 
Lage 


Variation of coefficient self induction with current and the 
saturation of the iron COTE, 


Altefnatifig current curves, of alternavors, synchronous converters 
“nd transformers, .-‘colapuricon nf :ethods and curves. 


She ! 


Armature reactions of altertiators and synchroneus converters 


Ss 
Wattmeters, ~ detaiicd stady 
and: calibration: use i! 


4 


Transformérs, — frouping, combineétidhs and working in polyphase trans 


Y Or ScOngtrie tion, eretirek compensation, 
n polyphase mea aguron ste 6f nower, 


ho 


rissfon £02 Dest ~aniasion ang ecotiomy, under given conditions. 


ot “7 7 mais: 5 7 SA 5 a of cada wa ° ’ + 
Altornators, =< ¢ nehronigzing problems, parallel working, various 
conditions, 
Contensors, - study oD, action afd place in alternating current sys. 


synchronous converters as condensers, characteristics and performance 


Blvernating everent twansnission-: 
Line voguiesion by synchrotiove notors Or converters. 
Regulation by indvetion end synchronous motors, same circuits. 
Infuction rmotors,- analysis’ of Pa eae and polvphasé, with and without 
onéensers, mechanical char, stray pover and ave ciency. 


Special problems in polyphase Working and sys tems. 
5 . (iv) 














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Department of: Electrical Enrineering, 
University of Illinois, 


COURSES OF INSTRUCTION IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY, Sheet 4 


Course «30.- Photcnatry,fonr .meniera in electritak enrinxzcring, 
sensibility of the eye, 


Comparison of photometric standards, Candle, Methven screen and Hef 
NG? isp. y 


Charactorisgtics of incandescent lamps, constant potentinil and serie 


Varietion of luminous intensity about incandescent lamps, effect of 
Filament shape. 


Variation of luminous intensity of-.are jams with the inclination 
OpoMnm and. encdosed.Awand.Del, ; 


Mean spherical.candlie pover of ineandesecant and are lamps, 
Use of lenses. 
Optical erficiency of an incandescent lamp, 


Inspecting Incandescent; Lamps-Vaquum, Test and target diagram. 


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Department of Electrical Engineering. 


University of Illinois. 
MANUAL OF INSTRUCTIONS, 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


L.-INSTRUCTIONS. 

Peat ruct Lone Lor SSS CLONG, Sear Sseeea Seer Oye 

Saatian Londere? Report eee recess 0458 

Instructions for Conduct of Work,Plant Tests 0.538 

" z bo OF NOLS BOCke, -o----= 0.54 

a " Reduction of Observations, 0.56 

: " Use of Voltneters,Ammetors, 0.61 

y " Use of Indicating Wattmcters).62 

" " i " Integrating " 0.68 

' x " Cradlc Dynanometer a A 

11.- FORMS and DATA SHELTS. 

Forms, Requirements of Work and Report, ---- A,B 
Form, Operation of Blectrical Data, --9--=-= c 
" Suamery OF -ELCCtrite® Data, ---ssS-e sr D 
u Distrioupion of Potential =“——+—-—<s—< iE 
" Surrey’ Poyer “OM BEL ooLoncy — Sse G 
* Requirements of Work and Revort --~-- H 
mt Strmary-or Mechanical Sata’ --—---S=+= M 
" hisetric Power Plant Tests =—--——-<-<<+ N 
° Electric Plant. “Data Schedule ===--- P 


111.—- PRELIMINARY SCHEDULES. 


Study of Electrical Mach. and Qppliances --- 0.1 
Inspection, of Machinery and Appliances ---- 0.4 
PLMagtration and Demonstration —-—~—-+—+-++= Se 
Operation of Electrical Mach.and Appliances— 0.4 
Chiteration’ of Hisctrical “Instruments =---«< 0.5 
1V.- GENERAL and DIRECT CURRENT WORK. 
Measurenent of Armature Resistances -~------ it 
Measurement “Or Dynamos “and Moters,-—-----——-= Pa 
Gperation of Dynamos and Métors =--—-=---—---+ 4 
Magnetic Determinations, Leakage, Waste Flux 5 
Electrical: Characteristics of Dynanos -—---= G 
Coupling Direct Current Dynamos ------------ 7 


No, Pages. 


FORMS AND SCHEDULES. 


Plate 
Reference 


(Vi) 


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ice 


Department of Electrical Engineering. 


University of Illinois. 


TABLE OF CONTLNTS. No. Pages. 


| CPironiiins Machined ese eee He 8 
firey Power determinations Seer eet eeH se y 
FPPicisncy-DeterminavLon sys SScers neta 10 
ieiews? Generator -TetiL sees re Sr Ses 1a. 
Avo. Lamp Study. and Measurements, -e-sserr cat 12 
Mipetrie Power BMransmieolen. —-<snseas See Bl 
Circuit Work -------3- ene rrr rrr G1 
DeseriUNeLOn Ol POtGnt Lad eee ae ese LOL 


V.-ALTERNATING CURRENT WORK 


Measurement of 1 nductances -s-rer-sasS se 201 
Thdauctance of Alternator .Arnaturc -<--------- a0 
Dewar Nate: ofl. ot Lae sae 303 


Power and Power Factor of Alt. Currents ---~-204 
Meosunement.of Capacit trees apor crise 205 
Inductance or Capacity,in Series and in Par.206 


Inductance aud Capac., in series and in Par.207 


Tranerormer: DPCravuLel. -—--a-—— See eee 210 
Tran slome? Pe Stan fetta shes Reser erst dd. 
Coupling Alternators, Synchronizing +---= -me 214 
SVHGNPrOrnCcus Move? Workin’. essere =ne eSe rahi Ls. 
Pheuetion Motor: VORRINe <<-—seee > 4-4 218 
Rotary Converter VoOrking <-<<--—-———=--- “a 220 


Composite Transmission (D.C. and A.C.same Bal 


48 
48a, 48b 


49 


Plate 
Reference 


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46-48 


49 


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Department of Hlectrical Engzinecring. 
University of Illinois. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. No. Pages. Plate. 


Roference 

Vi.-PHOTOMETRY. 
Sensibiliivy of Eye ~---~---------~--~-~------~-~- S01 Lag hn 50 

Explanaticn.of Table of Light’ Ratios. 
Standardising Methven Sereen ---------~------- B08 Wo, te 
Characteristics of 50-volt Incandescent Lamp303 toe 7G 51 
Standardizing Herner Lamp ~------~-~-~---~--~--- S04 Tt, 78 

hxample and application of Least Sq. 
Characteristics of Incandescent Lamp ------~ 305 79,80 51,52 
Distribution of Candle Pover about an In= 

candescent Lamy --------------~~~-- eeRSOS OI 81, Ba 51 
Charactoriatics of Series Incandescent Lamp 307 83 Ba 
llenn Spherical Candie Power -+----+----+-+-- 208 84,85 
Use of Lenses ------~-----+-------~~++-+-~----~309 86 


Optical Efficiency of an Incandescent Lamp —-310 87 


Mean Spherical Candlc Power of a Direct 
Current Open Are Lamp ---------~--~+-~-+ ——811 88 


Variation of Lurninous Inte nsity of Enclosed 
Direct Current Are Lamp with Inclina t- 
LON ~---------------- Fe 89 


Variation of Luminous Intens itv of Alternate 
Cle AVG Tp With Tnclinatign —-<a.<.« 313 90 
References ------------—---—~~--~~-+-~--+ +--+ 91-94, 


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Depa artinent of Electrical Enginecring, 
University of Illinois. 


MANUAL OF INSTRUCTIONS, FORMS AND SCHEDULES. 


INDEX OF PLATES, 


Plates: 
le Symbols and Conventions used in Wiring Diagrams. 
Be. Ootiine Sketch of Edison Bipolar Dyname, for Dimensions, BGC. 
3. Diagrams of Connections for. Laooratory instPuments 
Voltmeters, Ammeters, Wattmeters. 
4.  Measurenent of Resistance: 
1,.Fall cof Potential Method for low and high resistances. 
Li.domparative Methods and Insulation resistance. 
§,. Edison Bipolar Dynano, Shunt Board Combinations. 
6s Armature cornections and Resulating Me echanisn: 
Brush and Thorwson-Houston Are light machines. 
7, Laboratory Circuits: Brush and Thomgon-Houston machines. 
8. Cireuits and’ Direction of Rotation, Direct Current Motors 
9, connections of Starting Rheostat, shunt wound motors. 
10. Ward-Leonard evstem of motor control: 
Connections and characteristics of perrormance 
ll. Distribution of Potortial Methods: Thompson and Mordey. 
12,° Marnetization (induction) curv-s, generators and motor. 
Fleming 's.Rule, apylien to motors and dynalos. 
13. Electromotive force curve, single phase alternator: ideal; real. 
Reletion Of Huff. curve to Magnetization. 
14, Magnetization (Bar) curves, %-1/2 R.W. Rotary Converter. 
15. Magnetic Deterninations: 
Distribution of waste flux; coefficient of magnetic leakage. 
16, Magnetization (Internal Characteristic) curves: 
Series and shunt dynarmos;: altornator. 
17. External Characteristics: 


Gs: 
Shunt, series and compound dynamos; alternator. 


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Plates. 


18. 
19,2 


ro 


Altern 


Department of Electrical Engineering. 
University of Illinois. 


INDEX OF PLATES. 
Coupling Direct Current Dynamos and Motors, series and parallel, 
Equalizing Cormound Dynamos: diarrans and explanation. 
Connections for Edison Bipolar Dynamos, colapound, in paralicl. 
Diarran of connections for compound dynamos in multiple. 
Diazran of connections for compound dynamos, 3-wire svstem. 
Separation of Loss 


1.-Speed obs eer ee 
11.~-Strav 


Curves 


Motor-Genera 


LL EsLCLen 
Arce Lanp Dr 
ELecie os it 
Riectr os ee 


Power Measu 
T1r0=phé 


Altornating 
Alternating 
ating 


Alternatins 
Inductan 


Alternating 
induetan 


Transforner 


Har) 


(Claude. ) 


rower Method. (Kapp. ) 


eperation of losses and efficiency: dynamo, 
ac0r Tesias Diarran of donnections, 


ey by Hopkinson's and by Kapn‘s methods. 
op measuronents: curves and diarram of connections. 
ansriission: curves of efficiencics,. 
ansnission: curves of power distribution and losses. 
rements of alternatine currents: by wattmeters: 

and three-phase circuits. 

eurrent relations?  Larcing currente. 

curre:nt relations: Leading currents. 


current relations: combined inductance and capacity. 
Current relations: 

colar. capacity, in Series and-inm »arailel, 

clirrent. relations: 

ce and capacity, in serien and in parallel, 


connections, correct and incorrect; coupling. 


(x) 


“Ves a : Cl = a | aa eens = ea © 





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wh 
pon 
Pe 
{ 

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Osta UF SIT PESTON, 


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ed Ms 


f suonnseres oF TA euve Psart eee ig 


Seeer vag (sens) 





Plates 


40, 


B2 « 


Ol. 


Dee 


536 


Department of Electrical Engineering, / 
University of Illinois. ‘ 


INDEX OF PLATES, 


cr 


Phase transformer, Scott system, and application, 


Diagram of connections for tes ae transformers: 
Double voltage, heating test, Sumpner's nethod, regulation 
test, copper, lose,,iron (core) loss. 
imensilormer efficiency and lose curves. 
Sr nusLOrMeGr Emr, and current curves=, and heat test curves, 
Connections of high potential testing transformer, 10,000 volts. 
Coupling alternators, synchronizing, ideal conditions. 
Coupling alternators, synchronizing, Laboratory connections, 


Coupling alternators, synchronizing, tro 440-volt ¢enerators 


Charact°ristic curves of synchronums motor: 
No displacement curve, idle vatts and nower factor. 


Starting Compensator and switch, Westinghouse two-phase in- 
Guetion motor; diagrams and positions, 


Connections of Warner Induction Motor for various operating 
conditions; diarrans and positions, 


Performance of 4 H.P. Waener Induction motor: 
Ffficiency, power factor, torque, slip, watts, and current. 


we 


Composite Transmission, A.C. and D.C., same line: transformers 
and rotary convert er. 


TADLG Gr“ hari Ratios, 800 part photonmotcr bar, 


Characteristics and distribution, incandescent lamps; are lamp 
distribution. 


Characteristics of series incandescent lam, 


Characteristics cf commercial incandescent lamps, under various 
conditions; good and bad results: taree ap 


Llectrclysis Test for Current ficw in Water Fr20CS. 
Electrolysis Test for local sarth resistanes between pipe :and 
rails 


(xi) 





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Department of Electrical Engineerins. | we" 
University of Illinois. WALLS S ; 
INSTRUCTIONS for S@éctions in Electrical Fneineering Laboratory. (1) 


t 


« 


Memoranda: (1) The Class will be divided into sections of about 6 members, 


each, arranged alphabetically. 
(2) Sections Leaders will follow ¢a&ch other in the same order of 
rotation. 


(3) All othermembers of the section follov each other in sane 
alphabetical order, for assigned duties, as follows: 


One Recorder. 
Two Switchboard Attendants. 
Two Dynamo Tenders. 
General Instructions for all Members of Sections: 
X21) Obtain copies of all Schedules and Forms, note details of 
seme, and assigmnents , as posted for Riven day. 
(2) Bécome familiar with all features of schedule, 
(3) Study “all references to Laboratory Manuals, etc, 
‘4) Hach member is to-hand 4n report on all the work, done 
by his section, according to assigned Form. 
Instructions for SECTION LEADERS: 
(1) Become familiar with the apparatus to be used, 
(2) Prepare wiring diagrams of all connections reauireds, 
(3) Preliminary run: Ascertain best Operating conditions. 
(4) Determine upon and assign observation pointe. 
(5) Give signal when obserYations are to be taken. =. 
(6) Leave everything cleaned up, ready for next Section. 


(7) Hand in Section Leader's Report, beforeleavine. 


(\} HSUa Im egecsyou Pesgen,2 yebour*? peporeyterque: 
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Department of Flectrical Pneineering.L ScheduleO -ol 
University of Illinois. Sheet 2. 

INSTRUCTIOUS for Sections in Electrical Engineering Laboratory, (2) 
Instructions for RECORDERS: See Instructions for vse of Electrica 
mngineering Laboratory Note Books. 

(1) Prepare schedule of headings for tabulation of readings. 

(2) Make wiring diagrams of connections, as used. 

(3} Keep the log: record readings and note conditions. 

(4) Dictate the log to othermembers of section, at the close. 

Instructions for SWITCHBOARD ATTRIDANTS: See Instructions for 

the use of Instruments. 

(1) Obtain all instruments of proper capacity. 

(2) Connect instruments to external circuits, ready for use. 

(5) Take all readinss, from these instruments. 

(1) Operate controlling and power-absorbing devices. 

(5) Stand by for any emergencies. 

(6) Disconnect, clean and return instruments. 
instructions for DYNAMO TENDFPS: See Instructions for Opcration,- 

Schedule 0.4; and Arts. A; B, C, of Schedule 4, 

(3.) Attend to ell work about apparatus used. 

(2) Get everything ready for operation. 

(3) Connect all Wiring to and from their apparatus. 

(4) Obtain measuring instruments for use a& apparatus. 

ch) Dake.a1) readings of instruments at apparatus. 

(6) Secure satisfactory operation during experiment. 


(7) Clean up, and leave in satisfactory working order. 


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oe cota “ovraesa, ot srw ‘apecr as ng 


University of Illinois, — . . <>) 


Section Leader's Report: to be handed in, properly filled out, immediate- 
iy after completing the work of the day. 


Mo, of Hxperiment---- Dete ne 


Condition of apparetus when work was completed --- 
INSERITE § used (give name an@ Laboratory Catalogue No.) -- 
Cenlition of Instrument when put awav--- 
OUTLITE of work accomplished ---- 
Combinations, made as per schedule--- 
Special combinations or work---- 
DIFFICULTINS encounteréd--- 
PRECAUTIOUS observed ----- 
POSSIBLE Sources of Brrors ---- 


EHeH. Covrse Wo, ---: . Signed---- 


Class----- Section--- 1 ee 









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Department of Electrical Hngineering. 


University of Illinois. 


INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONDUCT OF WORK. ae Sg FS 

EIECTRIC POWER PLANT TESTS. aan aren sles 

1.- Watches of all observers to be set alike. 

2.- All observations to be taken on time, and the time noted. No signals 
unless ordered. 

3.- Note time andcharacter of any special features or changes in the 
Operation of the plant, as throwing on or off new units, circuits, 
Sbu 

4.- Members of each section will report for duty at least ten minutes 
before the hour at which they go-on duty. 

5.~ Ammeter readings, if steady, every five minutes; if unsteady, every 
minute. 

6o~ Voltmeter readings, if steady, every five minutes. 

if unsteady, every minute. 

.7.- Water Meter readings, every half hour. 

8.- Wattmeter readings, every half hour, if of integrating type. 

9.~ Take speeds of all machines, engines and dynamos, every half hour. 

tee Steam Pressures, every five minutes. 

11.- Note water level in boilers, at beginning, and end with the water at 
same level, in each boiler. 

12.- Hach section leader will instruct his successor as to character of 
observations, loads, changes, etc. 

13.- Each section leader, imnediately after his tour of duty is ended 


will make out full report, on regular hlanks. 


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Department of Electrical Engineering. 
University of Illinois. 
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF NOTE BOOKS. ere Lab, schedule O< 
Every student will provide hinself with ttrro standard Recthicns 
Engineering Laboratory Note Books. Nach book has ten sets of 
sheets like the sample set bound in at end of this tianual These 
note books will be used each week alternately for report and exani- 
nation. 
Alwey¥s bring the Manual and Note Book to Laboratory 
Perform ail work in the order prescribed in assisned scehedyle. 
Note conditions under wnich each experiment i@ perrormed. 
Note what is variable end what is kept constant. 
Note time and character of any special features or changes. 
Readings should be taken at regular intervals, by watch or signal. 
Where any sudden chanre is expected, tako more frequent reaiings. 
Pils 28 herons wp OF LTinst- shoev, Tor each Bat. 
Orisinal Observations,.— Log or record on first two sheets. 
Labo~atorv Deductions Anproximate rosuits are to be calculated 
Or lot, ariiediately after the performance of each experinent, in 
order: (a) to dotect nossible variations in the continuity of the 
rk; .(b).. to check errors which may require a repetition of the 
work, in whole or A parte Approximate results and the lot or rec- 
ord of ori¢inal observations form the basis for the final report. 
Description of the work. On third sheet. Be brief and to the pod 
state the obinct and. wurpose of the experiment. 
Describe the apparatus elploved and exilain how it was used. 
Describe the methods pursued and state the reasons for such methods. 
state precautions observed, @ifficulties encountered, and how overcon: 
Stete the principies illustrated or applica in thse experinoent. 
Give the formulae and illustrate calculations involved. 
Interpret the data and the results of given experiment. 
Account for phenomena observed by tracings cause and effect,in each. 


State final resuits and draw correct conclusions fron. 


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Department of Electrical Engineering. 
Univergity of dTllinois, 


INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF NOTE BOOKS. Lab. Schedule 0.54, 
Sheet 2. 
Sketches and Diagrams. Dray only on the fourth (unruled) sheet, 
with neat and firm lines, self-explanatory sketches and diagrans 
using the conventions and symbols shown on Plate l. Sample calcu- 
lations and use of formulae may also bs put on this sheet. 


Tabulation of Results. Tabulate, in ink, on the fifth sheet, so 
ren or the original observed data as may be necessary to make, with 
the deuuctions therefrom, a complete and final table of results of 
the experinents 

Coripare results with what is shown by theory or earlier experi- 
ments. 


so only the last sheet of standard squared paper 


PLOveLie. Ciereds. 26 
report sheeta, 


Of cach setoor 
select suitable seales to bring out charecteristic features, 
scales should be ecasily read and interpolated. 

ta) *Penet? work; Plot points, as observed, in pencil. 

To indicate points on different curves use snall cireles, of difr= 
erent sizes (00): or other open firures (35 f}) Dut. nou (3) nares 

Use only standard hard rubber curves in drawing. 

Drew a fair curve, by approximate method, where necessary, - 

Do not try to cover every point, by straight or curved line. 

Bogin curve at initial or sero point of observation. 

ind the curve at final observation voint not bevond,. 

Coy pier’ in, Use only India ink. 

Draw in a fair curve, between circles or other designations of 
points of observation; do not draw across these points. 

Axes and border to be drawn in with Pirm black lines. 

Legend to be placed in lower right hand corner, filled.in.the @ans 
as that at top of first observation sheet: with nane and number of 
experinent, date and name of student: and, a line below, stating what 
condition or factor was maintained constant: such as specd, in deter= 
minations of machine characteristics. 

Final Reports, to be comploted according to form specified, -~ A, 


B, 0, 6tce., and to be handed in for exaniination, within: one week of 
the performance of the work, 


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Departiient of Electrical Engineering. 


University of Illinois. | 
INSTRUCTIONS POR REDUCTION OF OBSERVATIONS. Lab. Sezedule 0.55 


Sheet 1. 
METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES. 


Referencos:+-Carpenter, R.C.; Experinental Enpinseying, poe I-15. 

pees ay Me; The Method or Least Squares. 

Holman, S.W.; Diseussion of Precision or Mcasiurenonts. 
GoW and Be ave OF SEAL LL) +OGy--lkepores 2n Tostine?® 

r An Sepordinniel rosult whose reliability is unknown 13 nearly 
worthless. Tne grade or accuracy of a-meensurenent mist bo ad= 
apted to the purpose for which the result 2g ieciged. The nee 
eacery accuracy rist be secured vith the least possible ex- 
penditure of labor,.. and hence with judicious distribution jof 
evtort anone the various parte of the work". -— Holman. 


a 


Classification of Errors: 


(1) Systeratic or constant Grrors, Which affect the seme quanti- 
ties ir <the sane vay: (a) instruridntal errors, detection by 
ealibration or special nothade of adjustmant; (bd) personal 


errors, due to who ovuserver's habit and methods and ascer- 
teinod "ovr eonparison- of observations, 

(2) Accidental errors, whose presence cannot b>. foreseen nor pre- 
yorns.ed Mee if many observations are made tho occurrence of 
these moreg can be predicted by the lat or SeOCRD AS aan and 
the nee yaiue of these errors cormuted by the Method Ga. 
Least Squares. 


Elimination of Lrrors: 


From tho:rernlts of a series of observations on a presvmably 
constant quantity, all taken under the sane conditions, de- 
tormine the value of the syvstonatia errors and eliminate 
when, The renaindng errors, whith cannot be accoiwnted for 
bY tiqperfectiongs of see cael ants or peculiar habits of the. ob- 
server may then be subjected to the nethod of least squares 
ror deterrnining their bvobapie value. 

Axions relating to the Probability of Errors. 

(1) Small errors will bo nore frequent than larg. ones. 

(2) Errors of excess and doficiensy (shat is, results creater or 
L688 tTHOanO-THSe Trae value) are eynally proebebac and will bs 
equally nunmoro''s. 

(3) Large orrors, bevond a cortain marritude do not ocour., ~That 

is; the probability of a verv largo error is gcro. 


tot 


? 


Errors or Siipie Observations. 
(1) The tiost probable value of a serics ov observations nace on 
the gene quantity is the arithmetical meen. 
(3) If-the observations were infinite in mumber the moan value 
vould be the true valuc. 
(83) The residual is the difforence between any observation and 
the mean of all of the observations. 5h 





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én te ee ee i eee te 





Departnent of Hinetrical Ing rine PP Alif: 
University of Illinois. 





Lot (n) oyual the ranber of observatic: 5. 
. Bs el as bi 
(S) " t sun oeithe sqerte iof “tho residuals. 
eae t 
res wa sf es 
Then? Moon orzor of wreatinigko obvemvawioiecy ‘Nidan 4a 


Probabio error of a single observa ation: 0.6748\| A - il (2) 


PSOnpenO Error OF the rereit: x ee as S (4) 
i 
(n 


Rejection of Dovwbtrul Opservatiors: 


(1) If a mistake has ocevrred aid cannot be corrected with certain 
ty, the observations: should be rejecter, 

(2) Aftor making Qilovances for all comrstant. orrors, no results axe 
ee those which aro ungu estionably Mistakes should be rejected 

CS) Phen panaian: Jissrepancics Wiad VHEN Fall uncer. the head of 
te eee o> ace A6ntin Orrors, 





CL) Dress neacwronients, lado eunods ane inetruments whose indi- 
caoulans give directly the quantity sourht. 

(2) Indirnet ne sa alge ag bob aie saree the quantity deteruined is not 
civen directly py me Nts taken, bit imist be calcnulatec 
Crow thei. 

(a) In this case all of tho quantiticre ueasured are et a to 
cOrrecvion; but 1% 1s necessary to correct by abstrusejdit= 
ficult of lengthened caiculations, for Saha onbaa which 
MAakG lous difference than the least POSSLbLO uni. to be 
eevernine,, by observation. 

(bd) The accuracy of the result denen 
ipa Laces in the reault, but 
in the observations Apenselvon « 

(oc) The peenit aan to oe earried out to one wiore plnee than the 


nas rot on tho mumber of dec- 
on the least errars nade 


= 


Srrors 0: Observation vousd indicate ace accupate? the 
last dagane PLaco showin make no pretensions to accuracy; 
the ona brecooAing should be quite ncourate.s 

(a) Er eOre: oc Hethod may be inherent, remiite foiling to be core 
recs hovever accurnte the cormononts ney be, ag in stray 
power method, in which it is assuried that the stray power is 


the sane, ernpty or loaded, certain conditions being Frulfille? 








To obtain most accurate results and «ot clue to constant or- 
ror, Indepenacnt resid ould be obtained by an nianvy difr- 
aA the 


erent methods as nossible; and the scveral resulte compared. 


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\ Booue Dts 


Electrical Engincering Department. 
University of Illinois. 


METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES. Lab. Schedule 0.55 
Shect 3. 


Mean Errors: 


The mean error is the arithmotical mean (average) of the differ- 
ences betvreen the mean (average) result and the single obser- 
vations. : 

If the systematic or constant errors have variod during the 
experinent, the observations and each partial result should be 
soparately corrected before calculating tne mean. 

The relative meon error serves as a basis for discussing tests: 


Relative tlear Lrror =— .mean error 





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INSTRUCTION SH&ET.- Use of Portatle Voltmeters. : 

er an RN em tn i saa wa et aw ns Sno en etine we aa - L. Schedule 9:61 

1.+ Handling.’ Avoid all shocks and jarring actions.: 

e.- Setting up. Flace on firm and level suprort, at least six 
feet away from masses of iron, the machine fields or heavy 
currents.’ 

3.- Connecting.’ Use flexible cord, as furnished for this rurvose.: 
Cn double scale instruments, connect terminals for higher 
scale, first, and rake precautionary reading. Plus to vlus.: 

4,> Voltmeter key to be released at once, on reading.: 

E.+ Voltmeter hiultipliers always to te connected in series with 
the instrument. Note, carefully, multiplying factor. 

é.= short Circuits on voltmeters must ke absolutely avoided, 

.- Low-reading Voltmeters must not be connected to circuits 

with voltages beyond the limits of their scale readings, 


LP LN OA AE OES GS ae I oO le lt a gerty Dc eae mb cm aD ce 


INSTRUCTION SHEET.- Use of Portable ammeters, 
1.-Handling.: Same cafe as in voltmeters. : 
2.-Setting up. Same care as in voltmeters.- 
S.-Connecting.’ Sane, as.in voltmeters, : 
4,-oeries ammeters nay be left in circuit.: 
Shunt amméeters, must be connected’ up only for reading. 
S.-Ammeter shunts to Le in series HY the circuit, and ammeter 
in shunt with the same, by connections provided for the curcose. 
€.-hachines must not be short circuited through an ammeter.: 


val 
i 


?,-Use ammeters on circuits only within scale readings. 


_NOTn:-1- Obtain end return instruments pogs* Storekeeper. : 

2.- avoid wiuing glass over instrument before reading. 

&.+ Read all mirror instruments, tibrmally.: 

4,- Never remove instrument coverst Report faults and return,: 
h.- Return instrument clean and in good condition. ° 


0 


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WOL?: 


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~ YAOTO MIPTOR Spaee cast ‘ruepumbeye pepo.e Leogy ue: 

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S°= pergru® nb: BT #08 on oper ong yeney -enbboxs’ sf yeep eTx ee 


T= HONGTTOR. “wadrg BPY epoope svg JeLnTUe soproud 2” oe 


aaiiaaeeidteaetaarememmeeraer eae r: oe ee QO: @ ;. 
INSLEACLION 2HEEL* = Nas oy mre 2 soyewepene’. 


Department of Electrical Engineering. 


University of Illinois. 


INSTRUCTION SHEET.- Use of Indicating Wattmeters. Lab. Sheet 0.62. 


1.- 


6e~ 
ta 


8.- 


9o=- 


Readings of indicating wattmeters are in true watts or kilowatts; 
regardless of power factor of circuit. 


Handling.~ Avoid all shocks and jarring actions. 


Setting up.- Plaée on a firm and level support at least six feet 
away from machine fields or heavy currents. 

Connecting.- See Sheet of "Diagrams of Connections for Laboratory 
Instruments". Connect current coils with special connectors fur- 
nished with instrument. Connect pressure coil with flexible cord. 

Current coils are to be connected in series in one side of the cir- 
cuit. 

Presure coils are connected across circuit. 

On double scale instruments, connect pressure terminals to higher 
scale first, and take precautionary reading. 

Release key at once after taking every reading. 

Multipliers are to be connected in series with presure coil and in 
position shown on Diagram, NEGLECT OF THIS WILL BURN OUT INSTRUMENT 


Note, carefully, multiplying factor. 


10.- Use instruments only in circuits within scalo readings. 


11l.- Injury from large initial currents must be guarded against, as 


when starting induction motors under load, by temporarily short 
circuiting the terminals of the current coils tiljnormal or steady 


conditions are assured. 


CONGIL IONS Gis Geeneg: 

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fore? ceLepayyh’ mnreybyapet yecpox- 

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eowye xineet Yug cone bLoowac roueRA nemyrut: 

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er potas wi had wsemnieet Sorowe cynen ye 
a 
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4 _ = ie = — 
—— -- "| y= = =) _ 


Department of Electrical Engineering. 


University of Illinois. 

INSTRUCTION SHERT.- Use of Integrating Wattmeters. Lab. Sheet 0.65. 

l.o~ Readings of integrating wattmeters are in true watthours or kilo~ 
watt hours regardless of power factor. 

2.- Handlin::;. Avoid all shocks and jarring actions. 

Som yey up.- Suspend or place in a perfectly level position, away 

from “active fields or hm-avy currents. 

4.—~ Connecting.~- See Sheet of "Diargrams of Connections of Laboratory 
Instruments’. Connect main teminals in seriés an one side of ‘cire 
cuit. Connect potential terminal across to other side of circuit. 

5o- If no constant is given the instrument rei.ds directly in watt-hours. 

If constant is given, multiply by it to reduce to watt~hours. | 

6e~ If case is opened be very careful that no dirt gets on commutator or 
rotary disk. 

7.- When properly connected meter disk will always rotate in direction 

indicated by arrow on disk or other revolving part. 
8e0- Use instruments only in circuits within specified limits as noted on 


name plate. 


Nios Syseer: - pee ne aise he ary eae 


- % 





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su kas , ak 
rh lester tae 


University of Illinois. 


INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF GRADLE DYNAMOMETER, Leab.Schedule 0.71 
Sneot Ls 


Flathor, J.J.- bynamonoters and the Measurenent Lr ae pp .98+103. 


Nicho dls, IT.L.- Laboratory Manual Vol.II., pp. ara 
lieler, &. Uv. Diseuseion oO: te PLOcCLSLON oF ie 1ents:pp.130-36 


General Observatiovs and. arrange: onts: 


The pover delivercd or absorbed by any nachine (motor or dynemo) is 
neoasured by sipportine 1% on a rae YDlatform, suspended fron 
knife edecs, and thence determinirg the torque or turning moment 
py weiehins “on a Scale pean, the tonderey of the HashtRe driving 
Holt to rotate the nachine, or the to2ndoney of the mechine to rote 
ate throuch the marnetic reactions bo EgoRn tne srmature and fReles 


General Conditions to be PUSS Leas 








) The horizontal knife edes mst be exactiy in Aare, 

) The axis of rotasion of one arnature mist be in line vith the 
axis or OnoUtLerLon or theveradia?: that is, in thn Tine whicn 
masses throurch the Enife ath Pes ; 


(2) The ce tre of gravity of the system, including the iachine, 
cradle ane all aittac hmenss, rust be very slightly pelow the 
axis of ofeillation, that th: sysven ay nave. she nova sary 


a 
CEPT Oe OLN ae sitiveness, like a balance 


7 
_ &, 


Precautions ty vi ODmurvod. 


(2) ALLE rasteni 
all el 

2) Belt shovid - 
marie. ta eavnt 


uned in mounting: the machine on th? eradle, and 
rmuct ba’ Pir and: secure. 

y be run vertically, unless provision is 
itn Side pull, if Pmt otherwise. 


= 5 3 2 


Proliminery adjustrienss: machine at reoat. 


(Ll) AG JUBt With utieest canto; Aaa: of munckine te: line*or Knigco 20ers 

(2) Adjust the eonter of eravit for tho desired sensitivoness, py 
rateink or-loraring the ah aint vweifits, on vertical stan— 
dards, When proporiv adjusted, che BY STON Should slowly and 

nsitively oscillate like a balanee; a weight of [2 ib, at 

end of scale beaa, moving the index res on the index scale 
throuch one division, would indicate that the index error of 
this scale would bo noglible 

(93) Balance the dynamoneter and the nachine, at rost, with belt off, 
and the wetehts av g2ero. 


Operating adjustnents: 


(1) Operate the machine as a motor, without belt, to determine if 
tho dynanonctoer remains balanced; if not, srek for cause and 
ronedy this defect. 

(32 : Adfust Belt ito wpull ae Virhtiy as poenibie. 


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Tf OFOKT Deujwsoork pe say Gee TEST 


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INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF CRADLE >; DYNAMOMETLR. Leb. Schedule 0.71 


(ee Mame De, 
speGg Vv sie 


ota? wThen.all these (adjustnoents ) are attended to 1% ie dowstrui 
shosher measurements of Sarat accurate to one Per CRs Can 
po obtaine:", ~- Holman. 


AlL locds on the machine mist be -epplicd Voryrire IAUOLLY s 
+ giiaine ~aiehts till balance is. obtained 


>in EMAAR VOLNSer at word. 
Observations while runnins: 
Pena eaten 


(1) Note tine or nuribor om tha obserratio 

C2) Revolwi2z0na poe minute, by peek ae 

(8) Load, by posivion 01 aaients Of erin. 

Noto: In motor testing, friction of bocrings, hveterocsis, or fouc 
currents, cannot arfest the daynanoneter reading. Bnerey 
eonmmes in overcorninc these lostes An whe Meare Ghee 
olectrical enerry and soar not sap .t0 tip tie: BvYBGeis 


lanee in indicatee by scale ari in Hori Sal. yositton and 


ALG 


As 


In dynano eoubine., mechanical encerey roquired to ovoraorc these 


lowson is supplied by the driving belt amd noacured by the 
dAynanoneter in she usa... Way. 


Calibration of Cradle Dynauoneton. 


—_—- 








The Leboratory cratic aynanonotor has sonle bom) eracuated 
Tank wot se por 17000 revolutions. 
Henea. Suv procoods: ‘~ iputruetions heve ben cormlic! “FLOR : 


Tan 
White ea ees \,' (Seale roadinc ). 
EUW Fk 


Where (L) is inches thet the welgnt (W) is moved on ari: to 
nroduce exuilibrinn when 440 Tacrine: 2 


tions and Derionstrations: 
1) Show how the above equations ere derived? 
) Use then to detormine if tho eiven dynanoneter is rover Ly 
ereiucted, Tor the WEeLShts ws8c; 
for tho craduations of the scale? 


(%) What is the coavacivy or .ohe eivon Vrar.oriote 

(4) Find veight at erd Os) } equivalent to one Pin division? 
(5) Explain why the geros are Hlaced where they ars? 

(G) Explain and illustrate action “hon torque is reversoc. 

Ci) 


When motor on aynanometor runs with its belt off, why iocs 


tO 


r, if vaights are corr raeu 


the dynamonetor tip while speed is changing, althouch palanc= 


ed Lor consent apeed? 
(8) Tilustrace alt nossiblo charactoristics by using a Rotary 


Fiore ld 

Te Se Tan cee ta, eee EPTO CpeLSC pus Teron PA SayUE go pops. 
ey LoL GOvalsis Da taey & Shy 
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(9) EXPT arg TI TM LI LS FELT pew PORTIS re LOAGRRUY* 

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CNSLeupa* -oginyo. et oR 

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Department of Electrical Engineerin,. 
University of Illinois. Form A. 


Requirements of Laboratory Work and Report. 


Write « Reppwt on the assigned work, as performed under the several 
items of the given Schedule, referring to the same, by the designated 
nurbers or letters, and treat in the following order: 

Le Object of the work, in brief. 

Le Kethods of conducting the work, and reasons for the sane. 


“ae Sketch diagrams of electric circuits and of connections used. 


SS ee Se am aie Se See eee eee Sis wee a ee me ee es Ss es ow 


FOR?’ B. 
Write a Report on the assigned work, as performed under the several 
items of the given Schedule, referring to the same, by the designated 
aumbers or letters, and treat in the following order: 
i. Object of the work, in brief. 
ee Methods of conducting the work anf reasons for the same, 
Os Sketch diagrams of electriczl circuits and connections used. 
te State precautions observed in conducting the work: 
(a) In connecting the several circuits. 
(b) In handling and in using the instruments. 
(c) In connecting the instruments for observations. 
(d) In use of the electrical energy. 
(e) In operating or other work with machine or applience. 
(f) In taking observa‘ions and making measurements. 
5. Explain the possible sources of error: 
: (a) In the electrical circuits and connections. 
(b) In the use of the electric enerry. 
(c} In the use of. the instruments. 


6. State the conclusions. te be drawn from the observations and 


from the results obtained. 


ee erie, at seers ee IN oF) We fies eT oe ors 


@*  geses spe come pre rome: #8 pe ams thom ¢pe' epweLase rome omy 
8) qv spe see OL Fyre, THecuamenge- 
(P) IM pe mee of fye ereess.70 ementA> 
ee (#7) 2 che eJSceLjowy ayLcnyre euq couvece rove: 
a : 7 2 ' uxbyerw ¢ye bosejpye eonucer Oo, @1.02: 
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(8) om commece que oye 2easney ‘epeentmes 
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De sont 7 spe seartives Ace? Cie srienayi Reeahiat dian 


“ie A A te A He ge i a ee a A ee ee 





Department of Hlpctrical Enginecring. 
University of Illinois. PORK Gy 


Requirements of Laboratory Work and Report on the Operation 
of Electrical Machinery and Appliances, 


Write a Report on the Operation of the assigned dynamo, motor, trans- 

rormer or other electrical machinery or appliance as perforned under 

each specified item of ‘he given Schedule of Operation, roferring to 
the same by the designated numbers or letters; and sroat in the follow- 
ane Orcer:= 

(1) Sketch diagrams of connections used for each set of operations. 

(2) Explain the behavior and the characteristic features of the oper- 
ation and. performanee: of machine or anpliance, when oxanmined sunder 
the conditions prescribed for each item. 

(8) Describe how the regul ation and control was accomplished, 

(4) Number and tabulate the observod readings, per given schedule, 
Lliustrating the characteristic features ‘of operation. 

(5) State conclusions to be drawn from these observations, referring 
to thevdnstrumental reacings. taken for ths various sets. 

(G) Plot curves, as specified , showing the relations between any two 
assigned variables; and note. on same sheet what opsrating con=- 
ditions were maintained constant. 

(7) Make @ study of and report on the Belt Problem, ss follows:— 
fa) Lifting up of belt and parallelism of shafts. 

Ub.) The per comb. .21ip oF the bolt, -6t-diitferent tpceds, 
(oc): Phe: littedh? Gpeed of belt, in feet per minute. 

(d) Horse power transmitted to machine, full load. 

(e) Capacity of driving belt; allowable and actual. 


A 


(f) The working, effective, or driving tension: (T, - Tole 


& 4 ive HORE PE * , oubeoetag? ‘O% aDsAaTue paweyous (at. oe oe 

(2) gpha.s 2). op, UAE Bene; STIomapTe ee SS eT 

(9) Hemee done, AUR S 90g SQuusereua® wT goege 

fo) Gps Tiwegy, Sheeg oy pete”. an Beer. box BIRgS 

(%) ive bez Soug" By ED, Om. oie pore: ig: bor chereny FPneder 
| ecue YD Taxrat Be ras | Oy Dear Terres om syongae | a 
ae (0 x REKO g. : ae ae sebone. biediocd aes: PeOpT at “ee > ae a 


88! Bus wage om-eeme: woos sum son eon 








em apology Losezice, Peed Ok gus asapome 1 aga ‘ 
8, saperserexe fo pe qian ie Pens erie 3 








. 


SUMMARY or Electrical Data. 


OD Ot ees ter atts 


oOo 7m = 


10 


G@ nw 
[o> an) 


‘Ttens, 


“Type of Machine, - = = =. 
“No. of Poles, - =f 5 -e 
Capacity: K-N. or‘ H:P.-- = 


epeed, Fyn, = = = .< = oe 
Volts, normal excitation,- 
Gurrent, normal load, - - 
4RMATURE: 

'Résistanée, cold,F.~ = + 


“Analysis of “Dynaitos and Motors. 


Sym. ‘Forinulae, 


B hot, F- - - - 
Current,normal Emf.no load 


s Pl. © Ld Rxt, Or. 

Aa alee 0 ee my ey A = 

Volts,normal,no load = - 

Peed ert ir bk 

"lost in Armature ~ 

" tOtal full icady 
Phaeton aac 


total,cold, +-- | ++ 
Temp. Cyl. Surf.no load.- 
t : "full load 


"End surface,no load- 


nom Cee rite, 


"  Commutator,no load - 


y Bi ea hoe 
Temp. of Arm. conductors, 


Calce;: from Res. Measi: =< — 


" at-no load, “-"="- 

"at full load,- == 
SHUNT Fields: 

Resistance, cold Fs .— = 


a Shots. F. ee 
Temp., by’ Therm no Lds= 
" Wo a ORES: Lay 


Temp..Calc.: from Res. 
“ Measurements: 
at no load 


" FL. 


. fiachines. 


11-12 





u — 
3 OIG = 
i an { ; 
ae nf 
a! Be ° - f 
, ; ; € ‘f Patel ot ow 
es? . % f 
> ae Ah 
f Ag 
eS ea 


es - Goo 





calaaa 6 y Ois ae 


» 
~ 











wathares op GRRE begs 


“J 


Cis Giy Ca) 


SUMMARY Of Blectrical Date. Analysis of 


Items. sym. Formulae. 


Res.’ of Rheostat, total ,cold 

Current,normal fmf. ,no Ld. 
" " Fl, . at 

Sketch of Field Spool, 


Net ginensions of the 
WLOGINE spaceri- to. . 2. 


Radiating surface, one 
Spooi,net winding space, - 


SERIES Coils: 
Resistance, cold, F, ~ — 


_ DOU, Poa me te 
hes. Series shunt, Sect.1 - 
" ! " " cL Ase 


Current, full load, - = - 
Kind of Compounding- - — - 
COMMUT ATOR: 
No. Seg. trush lead, 1/4 Ld, 
1 " Y Ui 1/2 Ld. 
{t tT " W e/4 id. 
tt " " tt Fl. ‘Ld. 
Pall é" Over Ld, 
Material of trushes of Con. 


area of brush contagt, 
od. ln, 


“pPush contae aot, et 14° Toad, 
wATTS lost, in Armature: 
Copper losses, full load, 
Stray Pow, Loss,-Hysteresis, 
Core losses. 
Total watts lost in ara, 
" in @ of output, actual: 
tt 't vs i] " allow= 
WATTS lost in Fields: 
Shunt field,full load: - - 
" in%or output, actual. 


MEG Ly 


Dynamos and kotors, : 


liachines, 


12-18 











te 


7) 


teh 








= 
r 
fa 
wi, Ue 





es 
Fang 
2 Meee 
ose 


at 


ns 


vse 
AID, 


a 


a f 





. 
er ts 
oy 1 
‘—= 








SUMMARY or Blectrical Data. 


No. 


zt elt, 
Shunt in % output, allow - - 
Series field,full load: -~ - 
ts in % of output, actual: 
> a Soi 2 allow: 
TOtel hatte lost ~ .o . 
(Note: if series coil over- 
aps Bout or vate ity 
es tot watts, for field 
osses. 
RADIATING SURFACES: 
Kind: cylindrical,sg.in, - -- 
in.- - 
total Rad. Surface - — ~- 
natts per Sq.in, Rad. Surf.-: - 


end surf‘aces sq. 


t 
! 


in armature, actual 
Ms allow: 
ehupt, actual. ~- - 
allow: - + — 

in series, actual ,- 


allow: - = + 
RATICS of Resistances: 
onunhk tO Armature: -...- . 
Shunt to Rheostat(total) — - 
Shunt to series: - --—— — 
arm, to Start.- Box: (total) 
arm. to Series (long Shunt) 
Serise tovitse Shunt: =... — 


VEE ADLMON, UP BLOUlhiCal BNOINBERING, : 


Sym, 


FORK D.- 
Sheet 2, : 
analysis of Lynemos and kotors. 
Form, Machines, 








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At SWS co Kyensterrcorepy +” | 
23; SPHaY O° Yasapone: <a oe 








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Reus ERR upeee =~ < Seeger i> 








Department of Electrical Enginsering, 
c 


2 


University of dilinois, Form Es; 


Requirements of Laboratory Work and Revort in Determination 


of the Distribution of Potential, 


Write report of work according to prescribed Porm, 
Plot following Curves, on Standard Squared Paper:- 
A. - Distribution of Potential by Mordey's Method:- 
1, Keesansular diagrem, no load. 
&. Rectangular diagram, full load, 
So Polar diagram, no load, 


. POLer Gdiacrean, full joa. 
o 9 


B. —- Distribution of Potential by Thomoson!s Method: 
1. Rectangular diagram, no load, 
4. Rectangular diagram, full load, 
3.e Polar diagram, no load. 


4; Polar diagranjgrfull. Load, 


C. —- Integrated Curves of Distribution of Potential, 
from the Daa given by Thompson's Method: 
i. Rectangular diagran, 


ao POlar dilapran, 


1S” 








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a % . en 
mee ar? ag id " Ehvetagos ¢ Ginaea % DFVSSTpreyou. o% popuu wares! nd 
Res ‘ ae 7 =e ee Ee - > Seti oe rah te as 
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oat tors erecae tor roag* 


+ 
: EB, caine Peis po 


Department of Mlectrical Engineering, 
Univereaity fot livinois. FORM G, sheetl. 


ns se ee ee ee 


Requirements of Laboratory Work and Report in Sib 
and Efficiency. 


~M wes 305 Ne - 
ect ox Siuvay Power 


Write report of work, uccording to prescribed form:- 
Plot designated curves, of the following list, on Btanderd squared 
paper: on base line oF watts, or of per cent full load (proportional 
part of full ag oe road) =~ of cutput, if dynamo, and of input, if 
motor is boing tested:- 
1. Loss curves, showing individuel (separated) log ss08, and the 
aggregate (total) loss, in watts, at various loads. 
di. Power or Load Curves, showing:- 
(a) total: true watts; (b) total apparent watts. 
lil. idie Watts Curve, for alternating current work, 
iV. Power Factor Curves, for alternating cvrrent work:- 
(a) Without Condenser: (b) with Condenser, in circuit 
VV. Efficiency Curvest+ 
(a) Electrical Efficiency: (b) True Commercial Efficiency. 
(ec) Avoarent Cemmercial Efficiency, 
(V1). Volts drop at the machine. 
Vili. Starting Current Curves. 
Vllil. Speed’ Characteristics: 
(a) Shunt motor; (b) Series motor, 
ix. For Induction motor, plot curve of ver cent slip in speed. 
X. Acceleration characteristic. 


Xl. Retardation charactsristic. 


All, Torque curve for motors. 


(6 


yee Wy 


eee te 


(a a at 


> 


xgT* 
de 


24 


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- 7 a acer omiae* LoL sreosse a0, Oiias ONE aon” 


aa <0 
d Are! 


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ee i er 
- is 


at 


LO~Gie GNhas Lot mosoia’ 
HOPTLQGIFSTON SpeLsoreLTerre®* 


VOoeyex~efrou cpoLsorestarra: 


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(%) apimig woron! (Pp) 20nTeR Wopon- 
abeeq. guobsope.Tapter: | a 


BfSLETOR GaLneny ONLAGS* 


(a. PP OWE g ue steOTET PRETOTSIICN 
ils hfe WRLTOTELOA: (p) Lite SRR OTRE 5 


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=e 


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a 


. ia Cree ae | 





Department of Blectrical Engineering. 
University of TLllinois. FORM G, sheet §. 


Requirements of Laboratory Work and Calculations in Determinahfon of 


Stpey rower and Erricitency. 


1, ~— Stray Power Losses, equal sum of watts lost in armature necessary 
rh overcome mechanical friction, and hysteresis and eddy cur- 


rent. Losses, 


2. - Total Losses, equal sum of watts lost in stray power and watts 


lost in ating, arnature conductors and watts lost in field wind- 
Ings « 


2. - Gross Output, equals sum of watts available in external circuit 
and watts lost in heating armeture conductors and watts lost in 
fields: equals Gross Input leas the Stray Power Losses. 

4, — Gross Input, equals Gross Onput and Stray Power Losses: 
equals Total Loss (watts) and watts available in the external 
GLE Cu. we 

5. - Gross Efficiency, equals Efficiency of Conversion, equals Gross 
Output divided by Gross Input. 

G. - Electrical Btficiency (Economic Coefficient}; equals Available 
Outpnt in external circuit divided by (Gross Input Less the 
Stray Power Loss.) 

v«.= Commercial or Net Efficiency, equals Available Output in external 

circuit divided by Gross Input. 


NOTE:—- Make use of data on Form D.. and insert losses on same. 


* 
r 


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uk - = see, sabes oh * edireye, muAroTaLe! OL counosoen" aint cnone , a 


So ae ie sy eee he” ae 28 ave amg 7% At tes ? 





Vrite 


items 


Department of Flectrical Fnj-ineering. 


Universit:’ of Illinois. FORT He 


Requirements of Laboratory Work and Report. 


& report on the assigned work, as performed under the several 


of the given Schedule, referring to the same by the designated 


numbers or letters, and treat in the following oredr order: 


le 


Lic 


Se 


Tabulate the observed readings in the order specified. 

Reduce the observations, whereever required, giving formulae used 
and illustrate calculations involved. 

Apply Method of Least Squares, to specified sets of observations 


of single variables. 


State the conelusions to be drawn from the observations and frist 
the results obtained. 

Plot curves, as specified, showing the relations between any two 
assigned variables; and note on same sheet what operating conditions 


were maintained constant. 


~) "\ > 2 - - > = <oeers ie 1 : oe) le a ee ive Ltd 


VS Fee sae 


AGLG SO SUEE HOG coversur: 
vee 7oueg ashaspyee! svg vOofge on ese eyecr aps ahena cnn congzs Toi 


7 oe BYOF onuase? gz ebecTyyeq* BPOMINE fe LeyepIowe persncen ‘enh fA0 
spe Leenyee opsequeg: 


Ee 
. 








Bes :.. afore tps cowegne roue Ast pe GLS4a0 [Lon [NE OpeeéLagsPrIoue sud iter 


6x eqtye asLTepree: 


<~ 


aoe ct in sa 
5 a 
> 


ne. vbiya MSeHog OL reseg. adnenee? po gbecitieg vere (OL opeenareroue 
. ee ITTseEssc6 esyontsrroue. qwaopaedq: eos. 
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cf ee iepatsce fue opeenacg: nevgiuee 7M. gPe onger seh higl 
opel ob Jersere’ sig cess ie fHe LoTTOaqwe oxeqn ongen: ane 
| me Of. ye. ‘Graew Bopeqnte? LOLeLE IVE. “#0 fe esue pr eve ae : 

Teo . vaboxe fu <vcherimeatepepae ts Sexzoumeq angen pye a 


ee a 









oT 


nen wore 0% reponerésa, None eoq: *yobane 
“guraeneTe. O& 7Tqwoye* 
pebetemoue: : lth ik 3 ~ Lee 





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& Re a ee ee ee ie om ota pow £ 
a ee tj as Pais are: On - 


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= 


DEPARTMENT OF S&L&SCTRICAL BNGINeoRING.. 


University of Illinois.: 


Items.’ 


Manufecturer - -------- 
Manufacturer's number ---- -.- - 
Type of Machine ~ - --~- - - 
Ree OL eFOl es <= = a= + = 
Capacity: K. w. (Dyn,); HP. (hot. ) 
Speed, Rpm., -- 7-2-7 -- - 
Frequency, cycles per second - 
Volts, normal excitation - - - 
Curgpent, normal load - - - - - 
Mechanical Data. 


‘Shaft: material - ------- 


Dia,.’ core portion -.- 
" collector portion 
" journal bearing - 
"pulley fit - - - - 


bearings: kind -------- 
: length of, ----- 
Pulley: Diam. over crown - - - 
d face width, ------ 
i size keyway - - - - - ~ 
Belt: material, -------- 


" 


thickness, single or double 

y in inches, - - 
Width of, -------- 
lineal speed, ft. ner min. 
per cent slip, normal ~ - 
capacity, allowable - - - 

ly actual, - - - - 
working tension, full Ld. 


ARWATURE. 
windings; IB POT JOP Mati sel at 


T 


tyce of 
ring, shuttle’ forn, Lar, 
“Coil, lap, wave, chord, - 


Coils, open or closed - - - - - 


method of connection - - 
number of, ---- 3; -- 
length of, over all, - - 
width of, ------ - 


Kachtnes., ° 


vata Form.. 


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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL #SNGINBEBRING. 

| University of Illinois. cate Fore;: sheet & 
Items. ° Machines. 

Coils, aperture of, ----- 

" ee widtk - - 

* No.;per pole ----- 

‘, turns per coil --- - 

" not of wire ------ 

Conductors: bare, diameter - - 

: , width, depth 
" area cross-section 
2 length of active - 
Insulation of conductors, kind 
4 thickness cf, - - - 

Smooth Core Armature.’ 

Diam,’ over all - - - - - --- 

. of core, external, - - -.- 
. a internal - - - 

Length over all ------ - 

: of core, effective- - - 

Laminae, thickness of, - - - - 

" insulation tetw. (total) 

Ventilating ducts, No. of - - 

cs width of each,- - - 

Toothed armature.’ 

Diam. over teeth - - - - - - - 
"at tottom of slots - - - 
"of core, internal - - - 

Length, over all ------- 

: of core, effective - - 

Laminae, thickness of, -- - 

" insulation Letw. (total) 


Detail] dimensioned sketch of 
Stamping of tooth and slot - - 


sketch arrangement of conductors 
in slots, 

No.: of teeth - - - - -- ee 
Ventilating ducts, Noi of, - - 

4 width of each, - 
Commut ator. : _# 
Diam., external - ---- - - 

"internal - - ----- ‘. 


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DEPARTMENT OF gLeCTRICAL SNGINGSRINGE. « . 


University of Illinois.:~ - 


Data Form. Sheet 3. 


Items. so) Machines, 
Length, over all ------- a fee, 
E active -------- 
Insulation, thickness Letw. ses: 
peyments, No. of --=- == - ws 


" No,’ of per slot - + 
Insulation, width of, at face, 


COLLECTOR - S1iB Rings.at root, 


Nomber of, = «2 - sm = as uee 
Diam., external, 


i 
4 
& 
Fi 


=—_— = = ok 


id inetrnal -~ esse s 
width of, Ses ae Re tats rik Yee Cam akin ae 
Thicsness of - - ----+ +445 


Distance, centre to centre « - = 
BRUSHES. | 
Type of brush,-tangent, radial - 
Material of brushes «= « « - = «. 
Number of sets of brushes «= - = 
No.of Lrushes, one set - -~ + = = 
Length, of each brush = «= =< + % 
width, of each brush « « « <> “x 
Thickness of each brush - - = - 
area af contact, one brush « =a 
4 " " set brushes 
FleLb wINDINGS, 
Type: shunt, series, compound, - 


sketch field coil ar spoo], showing section, par 


ing section, parallel to its axis, 
Net winding erea «=. = = @ « = 
Insulation, thickness flanges, - 
. "of bobbin Ing 
Turns, per spool, shunt - -~ - - 
- . series - - ~ - 

wt. of wire, on fields, per spoo] 
Ks of shunt 

2 4 " series 
Field conductors, bare dian., - 


" " width x depth 








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ac, |" width x depth, 

series - 
10f, Radiating surfaces: cylindrical,sa.in.: 
10é,: " " ends, sq.:in., 
eae " total, sq,in,= 

per spool, 


FIELD FRAME- Poles.- 

108, Sketch pole: faces, horns, profile 
MEVGSCIMENBIODS, mo ae ee 
109,Pitch, mean dis." betwn.pole centres 

110.Pole arc: angle subtended - ~ —- 
oe " circumferential length - 
Sn Ae IR ERIN LGR St Rate atm ce 
Lig,Ratio of pole are divided by pitch 
114, Dian. of polar bore = =. ~ —. 
115,Depth of air gap, single =... 
11é. Dist. betwm, adjacent tips, = =< 
117, Mean length Mag.Circ.of pole- -- 
MAGNET CORg, - 
118. Sketch and dimension,cross section: 
1i9.Net area magnet core, ----— — 
iC, Length of core, betw. coil flanges, 
or,length of magnetic circuit 
PEACE OUC Cre A = ate a, ke 
YOKE 
121, Sketch cross-section, and dimension, 
122, Dist. betw. centre lines of cores- 
1<é, ean length of Mag.Cire. of Yoke - 


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Department of Blectrical Eneineering. 
University of Illinois. Form N. 


ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS. Requirements of Repor 


Write a Report containing a brief Aeseription and record of 
performance of vhe Plant. 


(1) Object of the Test, +o obtain plant economy and ratings. 

8) Description of the plant, from boilers to switchboard. 

(8) Performance of tne prem; eyplain the behavior and cheracver~ 
istics fFoatures cf the operation of tne plant in guneral and 
note any special items of importancs. 


see) 


( 


) Behavior of individual units, poilers, engines, gencrators,etec. 
bp) Behavior of plant in the AS SLELATC « 
(c) 


(ad) Note what operating conditions were maintained constant. 


iis. 


Any special features of regulation or control. 


(4) Methoc of conducting the test:- 
(a) Assignments for continuous work during test. 
‘(D) Observations and readings: when and where taken. 


(.c) precautions observed: in conduct of test and in taking ob- 
servations, 


(5) Plot graphical log of test, on tine base, 


4 + + oe “4 Tey Pye x 7 Rayne 4 
(6) Obtain averages froi arithmetical means or by integrating with 
PLaninectsr ths Plé6éttéd Curves of the graphical Lor. 


(7) Tabulate data and results of observations, per Form P. 


Ney be 5 9. SPapnt svat saaneaes :F gaieals x ‘ : 
mo) Oyeei Vian efoto: RoW, moure per 1,000 lbs, feedwater, ox 


Hers ere 0 mR mW ¥ eiyaesy es " 
DEPT) 1, O00, 000 5.0.0. Supp ted to the system. 


(9) State conclusions to be ad oe tl an 
bate conclJusicns to be drawn from the performance i 
\ a. fron 3 per r So. OF the pL 

and from the observations and results. bi : ; 


AG 


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Mle: 4 Li ; 
AM a: aspire Geer -gughebry pd oz onecnaseTone? bes Eobw 5° 
eit S 2 me mT oe Ce ae Me $7 AN teeth SSS 
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Department of Electrical Ingineering. 
University of Illinois. 


HLECTRIC POWER PLANTS. DATA Schedule. 
Form Pe 
General:- 
Ieeane of Plant ——-——-=—— + come ee teste cero 
8 Location ---~-------------~------- 
ho eg AL meh A SF BR al ete nd micah 
4 Time of Test -----~--------------- 
5. Wbject of test. -—-<<——————-—-——~ --- 
6 Character of Load ----~-~----- ———— 


Steam Boillers:- 

7. Maker ------~--—--—~--~-~----------—~--- 
8. Number of boilers -------—-—~-----—--- 
9 Type —---~----~--~---~--—-----~------ 
10 Rated Capacity of boiler plant --- 


lear POGOUTEG. TORMAL 5 RAUL  erreensersens-ontese 
avarage during test ---—- 


Mee ORE TRG CLS ICL TG Geena tare tert mnme nooner 
do, 866d Water Ta3p., average. -———--< 


Water Meter:- 


14 Maker --~-~-~------ RRR ne ef pe ny pon 
15 Maker's Number ------~----~~--~-~-~~— 
16 Type ---~-~---- tin erie heres patecomrbasreioer tncer eer er eehlatenoe 
_i7 Where located ~----—--—-——---~----- 


18 Scale Readings,(limits),cu.ft.--- 
19 tine interval,hrs. 
20 Temp. service water, average. ---— 


Steam Engines. ; 
:f1 Maker ----- laa eae ReERReEtentaeenienieteeaeeeemetentee 


22 Number of Engines ---~----------—-~ 


~~ 


4 


A, 


6 


Lt 


ee 


. 
7 


are 
_ yes nd , é rate o 
ae te 

’ 


' 4 
So jsepen of ENTTuSG a ei 
74 we oe =, 2 ' 5 ms j 


ae 
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areon EUaTUse” 


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7 


Tt 


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Ae S Hi / 736 Bes FOUL SZAGiS ° ——— 
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r y . ; ? 
Seley db ood, oa 7" PG" 
* Liane! ar —y ae mepene «ee 18 are & ys 
‘gyunye Wey TUES Fy ra)? ois pe 


BRPOLG FOC OG nwa err ee 


ETN pi a a te ws nt tee ee 


Hoos 2 PUTED Ts ~ mms ee nam nen te mere ee 


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— BB PSS epes.7- 
FO hesg Beger yorwy’’ Tera 


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ddd Wwe .puEs. 


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a 


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eho a oat a a et eae - 


—_ 





ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS. 


Department of Electrical Engineering. 


Universitv of Illinois. 


Data Schsdvie. 


Si TO Ta a © EN gmt ence mmanerrec nose 
average, during test, ---~-~ 
cylinder: diamever RU LONG reas 

OL aie eta AGG seg enter 
cag i section, men oe never entero Pre 


weight, (approximated). 


Method of Driving ------------------- 


Belt Pulley: dianeter, pent we 


. . face width, ins, anaes 
Driving Generators, ~----~-------- 


ee by ihmbe re) « 
GENERATORS 


No. of Poles —--—-———-~...___.__.._..— 
Capacity, KeW. --------~----------- 
average during tost ----—-. 


per cent,. full load, -~--~ 


speed, normal, RpM., mete 
x average during test, ~----- 
Bee RT CITC Ye ee recent nec 


Voltage, normal ---~---~----~-~-~-~-~ 


a 


Form P. 


.sheet2 





~~ 


2: ae ee = 


eae ee nee eee 


WONG FU 4s <————— 
ASYGLse wropcs. —-- 
Wisc, RD Ogee Gomme 


CRYIEHY LOH 
-{ pacy cecil BA MBL’) 
WRTATUS Gate. cponat: =--+ es. 


“ 


ry tyce arory’ 


Bere BSIToA: Greticres* tocar - 
| MeGOG OF pesATUR -~-———--- 5 


Borers’ - abuoxyr pin; } 


ri averten" \- Sas eee 


= 


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ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS. Data. 


45 


A8 


items. 
Current, norma 
Voltare average, during test ----— 
Current, normal ---~-----~-~-------- 
" average, during test. --- 
How driven,( belted or direct con)-— 
Belt Pulley: diameter, ins,, --~-~ 
si _ face width, ins., --~- 


Belt: width x thickness, ins. 


ELECTRIC SUPPLY: 


55 Ineardescent Lamps, normal, Ne.--- 
56 Are Lamps, normal Ne ~-----~—-~-~-—-— 
57% Motor service, K.W. -------------- 
58 Street Cars, normal, No, --------- 
RESULTS OF TRST: | 

59 Volts, Generator Panel, mean —----- uy 
GO Amperes, ! : meg oe 
61 K.W. per hour, Volt—Anip. averagos. 
Ge shals< see integ. Wattmeter —— 
OS We Ch i ane Hem TI? O11 Te eter ecto ee oc oo 
64 Feed Water, Lbs per hovr ---~- ---- 
65 riean Temp. Fahr ~---—--—~ 
GG Steam Press., average, gauge, ---- 
67 Total Heat in One Lb. Steam from 


68 
69 


Feed water Tem. to Steam Temp. ~— 


PLANT RATINGS: 
K.W.~hours per 1,000 Lbs 


aloe M 1,000,000 BoT.U. 


".Supplied to the system, —-~--~-~----_ 


Feea Water 


- Department of Blectrical Enginecring. 
UlLvoretey Cf LL LinoLoe. 


Form P, 


Sheet 32° 


a ee ee OS ee ee Py Sew ee Se ee eel Clee 
3 





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T.° = of Ury.: Set edule-0. 4 
1.-Examine, thoroughly, the assizned apparatus, appliance, device, 
or object of study. 
2.+Take apart, disconnect, and note details of construction, 
&.-Reassemble, set un, or connect, as originally assizned.: 
4,-Sketch circuits, arrangements, details, as follows: 
(a) «ll electrical Circuits, - 
(tb) all kKagnetic Circuits.: 
(c) General arrangements and such details as may ve spec- 
ified; showing olan, elevation, and section, if pos- 
Sitle, 
(d) vimensioned sketches of strucutral parts, details as 
scecified.- 
f&.-veasurements and digensions of structural tarts, as scecified.,- 
é.+Report on the work done, giving a written account of the same, des- 
criting the object assigned for Study and explain the uses 


and functions of its several parte. 










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II.+INSPECTION, Schedule--0. 2 


(1)-Inspect, thoroughly, the assigned apparatus, appliance, device or 
other object set apart for such work.: 


(2)-Take apart, disconnect; re-assemble, set up, or connect as may be 
necessary for thorough inspection. : 


(3)-Nechanical Inspection:-Inspect following features and details, in 
all instances to which they apply: 
. {2} eneral appearance nag cleanliness. . 
reed on nok MB of mechanical, electrical, or mag- 
Character” fe) aatu ustments, necessary to Bae eG ihe 
rmatures: clea ance; Lala og - sta ynamic,- 
E ing etio for operation,-shafts, ce fhe, etc. 


rica : 
tral *eBtments for operation: belt slip, etc.: 


f 


g) Fina 


(4)-Blectrical Inspection: chiefly ty use of magneto and voltmeter. 


(a) Imperfect and loose joints and connections. 
(b) Open circuits.’ 
(c) Crosses in circuits.: 
(a) Grounds,-circuits, armatures, fields, etc.° 
fists 

(5)-Magnetic INspection:- chiefly by compas needle.: 


(a) For magnetization of field, or mechanism. : 
(t) For direction of magnetic polarity. 
(c) For magnetic balance, as in armatures: radial, longitudinal 


(@)-Note: For Primary Cells and Storage Batteries; Inspect for 


) bendst ion of fl ctrol yte,, quantity, quality. 
fh) ondition of g ectro 
state and condition o charge of storage Latteries.: 


(7)-Note: For Dynamo-electric machinery, in particular, as follows: 


General: - Sparking at brushes... 
: E eating: eae ; field coils; bearings... 


01s 
yotor: i mpeg: E ils °F oe rindi recticnherotats 

i D star irection of ro on. 
Dynamo: — F bynamo $a s to generate. atc 


see a LEB, ~Vol. xI. -1894, Parkhurst's "piseases of Dynamos. " 


266 WT se * -A0T* ¥i"=jead* BeLK per ,2 TT eersea of HAngno ‘ 


ngewe: > 


; ht DA SO $a378 £O ite ¢ lh = ; 
it~ : On 2: @z7  BPOLEo° a PTO OF Lererrvsee 
— es BU SSg: STE 6%, iOm~ : 1 sd . 
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(G}) OL weivepre perssee’ e2 yu siweroyse: Legray’ routreaaee 
(F) Bob gTheorroy of Mefvesre bergtrrn: 
(3) $05 wahs BSeTSapTOU Ok ETeya” op SeOPeLy eH. 











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or _ University of Illinois. = Schedule-0.2 
Sheet 2. 





Ii. INSPHCTION. 
Memoranda on Hlectrical Inspection of Dynanos and Motoi's 
Hiectrical Inspection, by Magnet@. 


is- Fiegid Frame, simple. grounds. 


2em Yield Coils, each, individually, (a) open circuits; (b) erounds. 
Se Armatures: (a} closed coil type, inspect for: 
(a,) open circuit. 
(5) grounds. 
(bj) open coil type, inspect for: 
(by } an open coil. 
(bo) crosses between coils. 
(bs) grounds. 
Hlectrical Inspection, by Voltmeter: 
ice- Inspect for short circuits By millivoltmeter: 
{a} in each field coil. 
BS 


(dD) in armature windings. 


ao 


, 
‘ 
i 
@: 
Cs 
) 


ate bad contacts by millivoltmeter. 

Yo~ Suspect for gualatv oer insulation: 

{a} for injured or faulty insulation. 

(0) for approximate insulation resistance. 


ic} for Leakage of currentsundcr rnorwal conditions. 


Fose: Voltastersys sed. to be of nigh resistance, 7000 to 20,000 
ores, and ada vied. to machine circuits, except as- not ed. 
lus pect nr (foresgis ont Wirewtt 40 wemetus "Ee windings + 


Wsth Tields  sxcite Ao MG Snes} ‘rotate: armature. slowly, “by hand; mark: 


sit.i6n, (wheke. toiqie ga ddenly— incre ken) to right and 


left; the shar, 4% Pou ibeh-eait As Sborerinately in centre. of this, 


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if PS ane SERPS B 238 #0. 9@ oy wat. Leeze reves? TR" 000. Fo go" 000; 

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III, : ILLUSTRATION and DEMONSTRATION. schedule--C. 


1=- Illustration of Electrical and Magnetic Phenomena, singly and in 
combination. : 
(a) El éctro-Chemical fields, generation, electrolysis, storage, etc. 
(b) slectro-Thermal work,-heating effects of currents, calorimetry.’ 
| lighting by are and incandescence, electric furnace, etc. 
c) ‘tlectro-Dynamic effects , “adduction, motion, fields of force, etc.’ 
(d) Magnetic phenomena,- fields of force, distribution, strength of 
. fields, useful and waste flux, leakage, magnetization, etc.: 
(e) Slectro-lagnetic phenomena,- induction experiments, estatlish-_ 
ment of nmf., magnetizing force and ampere turns, elements 
of dynamo and motor, of various types and windings, ete. 
&.- Effects of combinations and limits within which chenomena are 
3 available for practical utilization, etc. 
c.- Use of instruments,(a) Mechanical; (b) Blectrical; (c) Magnetic, 
4.- Precautions to be observed: 
(a) In handling instruments, - See Instruction Sheets. 
(b) In taking observations. : 
(c) In taking measurements, and use of constants. 
(d) In connecting up the work for measurements. 
(e) In operating apparatus, machine, etc.: 
2.+ Possible Sources of Errors. : 
©. fa) l dn handling the instruments. - 
(b) In conncections, etc.- 
(¢) In machine or apparatus used.: 
(d) In nature of motive power, force, or current used, - 
, (e) In constants used, given or derived. 
€.- The Reduction of ocservations,- use of Least Squares, craphical and 
analytical methods of stating results, deriving formulae, law 
‘constants, etc. See Carpenter's axp. ang'g. page @, etc. 
oe Illustration of fundamental principles, laws, etc.; corrotorations., 
8.- Illustrat operation of apparatus, machine, etc. (See Operation Sheet) 
9.~ Characteristics of Performance, constants, etc. 
i0.- Testing Methods, illustrated by typical examples of tests.: 
11, = How results are discussed and conclusions drawn. 


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ELECTRICAL ENGINSERING DEPARTHENT. 
UNIVRSITY OF ILLINCIS. . 
Il, -OP ERATION, . Schedule--0. 4 


1.- Thoroughly clean everything before starting any work, 

é.- pxamine for any loose Carts, fittings, connections, screws, etc. 

“.+ Fill oi] cups and insure good lubrication, 

4.- adjust, line up, tighten belts to ordinary tensions, and make any 
other preliminary adjustments as may te required by the work, 

5.- Have all switches open, cut-outs fused, otstructions Cleared, and ev- 

ery freedom of movement necessary for successful operation. 

c.-Voltmeter, ammeter, pilot lights, ete. to ke used, to watch building 
ur, as of machine, or other line of preliminary operation. 

7.- Start up machine or acparatus, as may be necessary, ° 

NOTa: for Dynamos ahd kotors, see special OPERATION schedule, - 

8.- bxamine functional Working of machine or apparatus, for definite result: 

9,= examine performance of machine, ete. as to regulation, control. ete, 

1O0.-“xperimentally determine Lest operating conditions, for highest 
efficiency, economy, or other feature as may be required in operation, 

11.-Coubling, working in parallel, etc.,- mechanically, electrically. 


£.-Stopping and disconnecting and cleaning up. 


nt 
2) 
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Department of Flostr 


URLVOYSLtY 6 


{ENTS AND APPARATUS. LabsSchedule 025 
Shoct x ° 


CALIBRATION OF ELECTRICAL INSTRU! 


Nicnols,: Eeb.; “bevers..cvory Manual, Vole Lie, DP 658-63; Ye. LOG B00, 

Anan, SeWer Deseusiion of<the Precision or Hoasurements; pp.41-24, 
NH. 130-28, S6+99; 

PLOVLINE POPP oAL; Tlectrical Laborasory Novwes and Forms, Hos 6,13,25, 

sp 38,3 


Instrucsctisns for Re¢ metion OL Observations, Lab. Senodule 0.55 
Tanizisenons Lor w5d- of. Voltneters, Aiwicters end Vattreters, 


? 
Lao. -Sehedles O,G1L, O.08, 0.6%. 
ODjoct: 

TO soldi taacit oes 2nG TOLL ODL ae ty 6. 2 Saven tastrwmiont, by cole 
parison of ave own roadings-undor dicterent conditions, by 
conmar iden WLon SH Veraard ans ternionts > 
TO dovorine consvarts, sompootions, coerfi 

To “standaraige anv eivor KPVAPAAIG OA a THO 
Posnanes May be use’ wider sinile> -cenditi 


v 


GLenett TO Dae plane. 
vor, whav ite pore 
ons, so measure 4% 
yverfrornancs or ai-y.atvher machine. 

INnGLUONtALLV -to de tem, ino best conditions or most accurate meth- 
od8 for UH ef instigionts. 


ClaSCllica.on GP Geitbricidn. Vook: 


Ly papa a finden tine 
he otho Nestle wt. n 
n Se Ey uncer tna geno ol i 
die 1s mado 39 ‘shirt ‘fror-a Pivon position, by oa 
i 


baa) hea 


instruments: Nichols pp. 61-G6a. 
o ym SCuIS yoint ob the 


Ce 
¢ 


a0 Y cy a 


HIMber ot Aire anol combinations, “oaeh - Biiae vr" 2 showld ro~ 
turn to the sain roedine cach tite tne Circuit 15 Pros tore. 

tO the orisinal core tat oe Of ~hat which roaulted in tra 
Savon Ait Val ireacinp: einige to do so, there Fill then oe 
BOVern: VoludG Lor the sake inicicl receding, ° Thich nay be 
YOutad: by the method az ory Squares, “v8 find tao provapie 


v 
Orrer OL -a single observation. 


(3) Constaney of Zoro: Anylvy preceedire nethod,zero an initial read- 
Lis 


(3) Comparison with Standards; or Instruments used as stantards: 

These nay oe primary or secondary, and ar: likely to have in- 
herent sorrees of e-rors, noted Solow unde: inetrwuontal 
Orrors « 

Comparisons nav be made vith auxiliary apyaratus, as in use of 
stand ordizged multiplier tO 'to8t% ancirgaey of hi¢cher scales or 
a voltnetor, or vice versa; and thease of shunts for anperse 
rendings on "ndlli-voltne iter, testing either the shunt or the 
instrument, according to which has previously boen standard- 
E265 : 


(4) Deternination of Constents, as of inlitiplie:s and shunts: 





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Department of Electrical Ingineering. bel 
University of Illinois. 


CALIBRATION OF ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS. Lab.Schedule 0.5" 
Sheet ve 
(5) Determination of Coefficients, as temperature cocrricients. 
In many cases, fron the nature of the matoricl or appliance 
investigatad,. such coefficients cannot have a constant value, 
oven if no ervor be made in the work. In such cases it is 
necessary to determine the lav and cause of such variation; 
such as calibration of D'Arsonval galvanonoter for yotontial, 
in which a megnetizging current is used, in which case calibrat 
ion curves should be obtainec for different magnetizing curret 
(G) Determination of Corrections: to be made under conditions 
suited to annlication or set or conditions determined by 
yractice. 
(7) Standardization of Apparatus, as an electric motor: 
The detoriination of suen performance, as of efriciency, for 
9 standare comparison roquires unusual care and the observan- 
ce of all conditions inposed by calibration tork, in reneral 
nnd as noted below, Ordinarily, such determinations are to be 
jade under as nearly as possible the sane conditions as in 
actual proctice and application. 


Units ard Standards; Instrunonts «s Standards: 


These require checking or calibration, frrori tine to time. Witi 
known constants, corrections and coefficients, it cannot be 
assumed, without experimental proof, that even the dest instri 
ments will renain long without some changes. This is espec= 
jally truce of that class of instrunents and standaris in. -whiel 
pernanent magnets are omproyed. Noto instrvmontal errors, 
pelow. 








(1) Errors in assumptions, such as that in any instrument or a re- 
sistance used in oxperinental work there is neglible self-in- 
duction because so considored in ordinary practical use or 
the sane: sich an assiwiption vould not be allowed in the Mnost 
accurate work. 


(8) Errors in Conditions, such as not maintaining corstant temper- 


i093 sere: 


ature of the roon, or cornpartment where calibration is done. 


(3) Errors in variable nature of electrical supply used, as in al- 
rost all -ealibration Work, it is necessary to keep notential 


or current consvGnts Secure careful rerulation by. known de- 
Viees. Aloo, OfPors due to variable pover in Alt. Cur. Calt- 
brations. 


- 


(4) Errors in cloctrical circuits or connections, which, tnough 
correct for the york, nay be very poorly mado; or being well 
v 


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oy vahenuna' 8B a eregeite: Boson: aes 







ie DupeErey On & 


tabentt SQeLt: 


Departiient of Blectricrl Ingineering. ‘ 
University of Illinois. 


CALIBRATION OF ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS. Lab.Schedule 0.t 


(5) 


(7) 


Shect 8. 


Errors in handling anc sottirge wp instruments, whether stan- 
dards, or dnstrmients being calibrated. Wo Skene tan De 
orfernd. fox, these, 


Errore in operation of the apparatus, as riotor,. boing callbrat= 





bee to be. cuarand acalnist. by, intolvafent sepervis eke Agee a VOLK « 


wniental rore:. each. instzrurne::t or picte of apparacsus has 
orn ee and characteristic sources of error, which 
be clasoificd. am conazent errors These should be most 
shoronehly investigated with view. v0 “yp esible romnoval, wnollv 
Orman parts Sources. of. error. not ronover should be evaluat- 
ed and olinminated br appiying the corresponding corrections 
aetermined in such eh oer tvaluation. A nodification 
of the anveratus or condision¢m a... i06 s1orking, May reviove Sev— 
orak of such constant, orrdrs. 


(8) Errors of Mothods: these must be reduced to a iminimm, ody 


studving the vaerv best methods of enalibration, anc in advance 
f the troork. to ascertain the voascible sovrees of error. duc 
to this cause. Then erreance “th. work or Modify ‘the toethod- 
49 remove these errors as tmch as possivle. Tvaluate the 

effects of tl.ose sources of error not removed, and aftorvards 
OL Trea ye +1077 “DY applying the correspondins sorrections de= 
termined i: such prelininarvy evaluation. 


(9) Personal Errors, errors in taking readings, wleking observat— 


ions, These are usuaily rebeent in’ amount for any viven 
individual brit do not disappear a: « rosult of ‘long contin-= 
wee practice. Thev should be early recognized; detemiuined, 
in character, if possibie altho in Anaun?’; and allowed for in 
viving re elative weifrhts to the readings of any riven serics. 


Prewautions, all to be observed, as no ted in Instruction Sheets for 


0 


the us OOF Sinden’ e Thoroush ger ity with the 
princivios anc use: of she instruzents is oquired. 
Note time slement(creeping) in pore er rte cprroant calibrations: 


to be pursued; in Calibration ork: 


rdinaiy method of calibrating electrical instruments is by 


direct. comparison with standard instruments by measurine sone 
electrical yuantitv sevoral times and itl teneously by the 
two instrumerts. Then a similar serie 3 of readings is taker 
with variable amourts of such eloctrical quantity, to evtain 
different points alongs the calibration curve to be plotted. 


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"ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LabCRATORY, | 
University of Illinois.,: 


keasurement of Armature Resistances.~ Dynamos and Hotors, Leal. Acbaduke / 


Oe ey a ane cat -_- (ee iat g SOLE LE A OL A ES EE EE A AT LF Se A AE AS a oN ee ne a ct tet ee ee te ae cs 


armature resistances can Le obtained only when not running, 


Method to te used, - Fall of Potential. 
Currents to be used, preferably 110 volt circuits; or battery. 
Instruments: low-reading voltmeter, high-reading ammeter.: 
Precaution: armature must be connected up as a simple resistance, 
in series, in the circuit teiny used, 
Regulate current used by a water rebittance placed in series; 
or, use a lamp bank, as usual. Use heavy currents, 
Take ten (10) consecutive readings of voltage across tersni- 
nals and of current through armature. 
Turn the armature through a small, but different anil 
consecutive reading, 
Take three sets of observations under following conditions: 
I, From terminal to terminal, of machine switchboard, not 
including any series coil connections, : 
Ii, From brush to brush, connecting onto clips. 
Til.: From diametrically opposite commutator segments placing 
voltmeter terminals under brushes, 


e, for each 


KCTn:~ Measure resistance, cold, at beginning Of experiment; that is, 
before machine is operated or before any field resistances are measured,’ 

measure resistance hot, after normal running, or after deter- 
mination of field resistances.’ 


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BLECTRICAL ANGINERRING LABORATORY, | 
University of Illinois. 
Lab. Schedule. -2,. 
keasurement_of Field Besistances,--Syrames and Hotors, 


Field resistances may be obtained while running at normal eoltage, or, 
when at rest, by use of suitable direct current. 
Method to te used,- Fall of Potential. 
Instruments, voltmeters and ammeters of suitable ranges. 
(I)  kesistance of Shunt Coils, of Lynamo. 


(i)Use shunt coils only. Run dynamo at usual speed. 

Throw in and regulate large resistance in external circuit. 
Run out Field Kheostat to end or to the stop.: 
short-circuit Rheostat at machine, : 

Take ten (10) consecutive readings of voltage across shunt 
and ef current through the same. 

(2)Use shunt coils and Rheostat.: Run at normal speed. and voltage. 
Take ten (10) consecutive readings of voltage across shunt coils 
including Kheostat, and of current in same.: 

Kete exact position of Rheostat handle or notch. 
weasure exact rrsistance of Rheostat (includine its external 
leads) at formerly observed position or notch. 


Resistance of chunt coils- Res. of (shunt and Kheostet) less 
Kee. Oo the af eee Lat. 


(II) Resistance of Series Coils of Lynaues 


Poerate dynamo as lons or short compound. - 
Apely fall of potential method as in measurement of low resistances, 
Take ten (10) consecutive readings of voltage across series 
coil and of current in sane, 
(III) Resistance of Motor Fields. 


Proceed as in (11); or, connect ammeter to field coils at motor switchboard, 
take readings, as before.- 

NCTa:- Measure resistance, cold, at beginning of experiment. Then measure 

field resistance, hot, after normal running. 


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wae picts at Department of Flectrical Fngineering, 
; University of Illinois. 
Labs Schedule 1.- 
sheet 1, 
OPEPATION of Dynamos and Motors, 


In General: Before Starting any Machine, attend to the following: 

1.-Thorourhly cléan everything about machine. 

<.-Examine for loose parts, fittings, connections, brushes. 

5.-Pill oil cups and insure good lubrication. 

4.-Adjust, line up and tighten belts, to rodinary tension. 

‘.-Have all switches open, and cut-outs fused. 

6.-Voltmeter, ammeter, or pilot light in circuit to watch building 
up of machine, according to circumstances, 


I.- DYNA™MOS. II,- MOTORS. 


Ae Stertine : 
1.Start slowly. 
<-Build up the Fields. 
5-Hxamine working,normal,volts. 
4.Throw on designated load. 
5 Regulate, for Norm. Volts. 


A. Starting: 
1.Fxcite fields; test same. 
2.Start slowly,by starting Box, 
5.Fxamine working normal speed. 
4,Throw on designated load. 
o.Regulate for normal speed, 


B. Operating: B. Operating: 
1.Examine for any electrical 1.Examine for any electrical 
or mechanical heating. Or mechanical heatinr. 
£.Fxamine working of belt. &.fxamine working of belt. 
5.-Operate as scheduled. 5.Operate as scheduled. 
4.Watch against sparking. 4.Wateh arainst Sparking. 


C. Stopping: C. Stopping: 


1.Lewer the Voltage. 
2.Throw off load. 

5o.Weaken the fields. 

4.Stop prime mover. 

5.Lift brushes, 

6.Slack belt. 

7.5top @il circulation. 
5.Clean machine; and cover. 


1l.Lower ths speed. 

2.Throw off the load. 
5.Cut-out armature circuit. 
4.Weaken fields. 

5.Cut-out fields. 

6.Lift brushes. 

7.Slack belt. 

S,.Stop oil circulation. 
9.Clean machine; and cover. 


D. Schedule of Operations. 
Shunt Dynamos. 


l. Regulate by Brushes. 


D, Schedule of Operations. 
Shunt Motors. 
1.Refulate by starting Box: 


2.Regulate by Rheostat: 
(a)Vary Emf.,const. Load. 
(b)Vary Load, Const. Emf. 
Note: Ammeter readings. 
Direction of Rota- 
tion. 


Reverse connections. 


Reverse rotation. 


(a)VYary speed, const. Load. 
(b)Vary Load, cons+. Speed, 
2.Regulate by Field Rheostat, 
(a?Vary Speed, const. Load. 
(b)Vary Load, const. Speed. 
5.Reg. by Arm. & Pield Rheostat. 
(a)Vary speed, const. Load. 
$b )Vary Load, const. speed. 
Note :Armeter readings ,Fxt.Cir 
Direant iene? Rotation. 
Reverse connections. 8G 
Reverse motor. 















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University of Illinois. 
Lab. Schedule 4, Sheet Se 


OPERATION of Dynamos and Motors, continued. The Ward-Leonard Systeme 


Object.- To operate an electric motor at almost uniform efficiency with 
ranges of ine and torqguéee 
To secure large starting torqve and at the same time high 
effitiencvs 


Preliminary.-- liake preliminary run at greatest load to ascertain if the 
machines are adapted to each other and of the proper capacity. 
ts to dataernine data for plotting 


Operate.- Carry through a series of tests 
ate the motor reversed. 


curves noted below. Operat 


Plot curves, showing chara ristic relations between the two assigned 
varciables, on sams base where convenient. 


Series A. In kllustrati 
(1) thet the sveed of motor varies di 
(2) that the torque of motor varies @ 
ee inusual formula. 


fivy as Emf. in usuaZz formula 
ectlyv as the armature cur- 


e 


Series F. The effieiercies to oe determined from net electrical 
ine-put. of tne motor and measured brake power. 
(3) Efficiency at constant speed, on torque base. 


(4) Effiency at constant torque, on speed bases 


Series C. The following efficiencies to be determined from gross elec-~ 
trical in-put of the svsten. 
(5) Effiency at constant speed, on total watts in-put base. 
(6} Effiency at constant toraue, on total watts in-put base. 


O40 ae 
Series D. The fellowin ““" to be determined from gross elec- 
trical in-pit of the gystem when motor is operated br vsual 
rhcoostatic control 
(7) Effey at constant speed. on total watts ae put base. 
(6) Hffiency at constant torque, on totel watts in-put base. 


Series li. 
(9) Separave accrerate Losses of each machine reavired in the Ward~ 
Leonard system, ard plot these and available out! put on total 
watts in=-put dbase. 


Reference: Transactions of Am. "inas. Rlect. bnganeers, Vel. ALII, 1696, 
page S77. "Volts ws. Ohms", by H. Ward~-Leonard. 





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™ all  _it OD arte? Re tet. , nena ee 
University of Illinois. 
Lab. Schedule. 7 5, 


VAGHETIC DsTERIIVATIONS. 


netic Leakage of Dvnamos. 


A rte 
au ae = | 
re eee, AN St ee UNAS ne Vite Ie A a a a a ns 


Investigate distribution of miugnetic flux erorvnd mepnetic circuit 
of umchine, by means of exploring coils, and ballistic salvanometer 
or VYeston )illivoltmeter. 


Precautidn:- ksep voltmeter away fron machine. 
Use reversing switch; two ex ,loring coils of same resistance. 


Wind exploring coils‘on urmature and field. cn aruature, in neu- 
tral plane. On field, in centre of field coil. 


Axcite field, with steadv current, normal excitation. 


Use 550 volt supoly, with high resistance, in series witn the 
fields to reduce time constant, on 110-volt macnine. 


W7a 


Keep armature stitionury. 


Teke three or riore prelininar: readin;:s, till stea!» conditions are 
secured. Take five (5) consecutive reidings. under as nearly as 
possible the ‘same conditions, for both armature and field. 


Reduce avera,e of five (5) readings to the equivalent reading for 
one turn, if turns on coil differ. 


I. Take ratio of field to armature determination, to get the Leakaze 
Coefficicnt. T“ollow Form Bp. 


tI. Repeat above series of observations, with increasing values of field 
excitation, till that for full load is reached, in about five (§&) 
Sets of. observa‘ions. 


Plot curves, showing relation be*ween successive valves af the 
Leakage Coefficient. on ampere base line. 


(2) Distribution of Waste “arnetic Flux. 





Proceed as in previous determinations: Take sets of five (5) 
obseivations, at various points alonr the macnetic circuit, 


Reduce these,es before, to é."ivalent readings, per turn, and de- 
tedmine percentage value of maximum, at centre of field. 


Plot, om dimensioncd outline drawing of section of machine at right 
angles to armature, the percentage values of useful flux, laid 
off normal to centre line, at point of observation. 


Discuss detérminations and draw conclusions. Se 


mitt 
a i, 


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; 7" university of Tllinois. Lab. Schedule co. 
Rlectrical Characteristics of Dynamos. 
hwo Operating conditions: 
(a) operate assigned machine under the conditions specified in table 
below for required characteristic. 


(b) Brushes to be adjusted to proper position and must not be 
shifted during the experiment. 


(c) Field Rheostat to be adjusted to proper position, and not to 
be changed during experiment, except as required by such specific 
characteristics as are shown in table below. 


(d) Adjust controlling devices before berinning and do not alter 
these during the experiment. 


(e) Apply all loads very gradually. 


oe Preliminary: take a few preliminary readings to examine the overa- 
tion of the machine. 


De Instrumental Readings: 
-(a) Take réadings for all values, constant or variable. 
(b) Take successive readings, by regilar instruments, of volts or 


amperes, according to characteristic being determined. 


(c) Record readings only: 
When conditions are exactly as specified. 
When machine is operating uniformly under steady co.iditions. 
When constant readings are civen by the instruments. 


te Precaution: do not retrace anv of the work, even if the reading has 
not been taken at the exact increment of load intended. 









Table of Operating Condi 2 ODE ynamo Characteristics. 
ectrical Type of rosit. ") - Rpm. |Nicnols .1T, 
Charadteristics. |Machine. 
ie bat 

frmature.------ (Shunt. 

Peet eee) oc} .—~ Series. 

| Shunt. 

| Compe. 








\ if 
Peouletton (Het) Reps Rxc - 


Intérnal.------ Series. 
| (Mae. Curve). |Shunt. 


| 
| 




















=< = — 





Letters signify: 
C---values to be maintained constant during experiment. 
C=---values which will be‘constant. 
V---primary variables to be observed and between which the 
characteristic curve is to be plotted. 
y---secondary variabies. 


AO 


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_ QWUFLENG. VpPCTaeltlon OF warect os bs Daneel and Motors in Series and din 
Parallel 


A.—- General Conditions: 
(1) Machines to be of same type, usually of same size. 
(2) Compound machines, in general wv seme type of compound. 


Be— Switching-in Conditions: 
(1) Direction of current flow shovld be “he same. 
Plus to plus for paralleling 
Flus to minus for series coupling. 
(2) The Emf. er current to be constant and the sume, for each ma- 
chine pefore switching-in, according to the specifi c combina-. 
tions noted in table below. 


Ce- Operating Conditions: 
(1) Speed to be maintained uniform under all conditions. 
(2) Hqualize or proportion the loads on the several machines by 
field rheostats or regudators, as case may be. 


De- Operation of Machines, as Coupled: 
(1) Operate at different loads, up to maximum for cowhiied output, 
and examine for satisfactory working. 
(2) Where equalizer is used, maintain eurvent in it at e ee 
under all conditions of load, for Machines of same site 
and note working bv an equalizer cit‘eter. 
Eo~ Unbalanced loads: 
(1) Show that a shunt machine in p»rellel may become a motot if its 
Hmf. be sufficiently lowered; it continues to revolve in same 
direction, taking current from line. 
(2) Illustrate effect of unbalancing three-wire system, by neutral 
ammeter, and by lamp bank. 
“Schedule of Operating Conditions and Connections for Coupling 
nes Coupled. [Conditions. fonnections. 

BE Sield. rmature! 
“Indep. Excite.|  — 
(a)in- series. ; In series 
| (b) Indep, Exc.| 
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Department of Electrical Fagineering. 
University of Illinois. 


Schedule &. 
COMPOUNDING MACHINES, 


Objects of Compounding: 

(1) To get a flat or over-compound external characteristics at 
constant speed and under variable loads. 

(2) fo operate machine at a speed ditfersent,rrom that orizinally 
intended, necessitated by either belt slip or siisnt altver= 
ation in speed of prime mover, 

(3) To compensate for line drop as load increases so as to main- 
tain terminal voltage constant. 


Preliminary Data to be obtained: 
(1) Number of turns, total, of the shunt ficld coiis. 
(2) Speed at which compounding is intended to be effective. 


Preliminary Work: 
(1) Determine number of shunt turns by comparative method: 

(a) Separately excite the machine, use a specias auxiliary 
shunt field winding, and determine the Imf., and ficld 
current at normal Rpm., and no load. 

(b) Separately excite the machine, using regular shunt Picid 
windings, and determine field current at sane Emf., as 
in preceding (a), at normal speed, no load. 

(c) Tota* ampere turns will be same in cach case, (a) and (bd) 
preceding. Therefore find the mumber of turns on the 
original sluint ficlad winding. 


a) 


(2) Obtain Armature characteristic for assigned voltage. Determine 
relation and plot curve betwen external and field current, 
operating as a shunt machine, undor assigned conditions. 

(a) Normal speed, constant voltage. 


(b) Normal speed, 5 per cent rise in voltage, 


Work of Compounding the Machine. 

(1) Compute.requirod, turns of series coil from the preceeding ar 
mature characteristics. 

(2) Compensate by a serios shunt for 2% variation in speed, from 
the normal. 
Add enough turns to series coil to give desired compounding 
at speed two per cent below normal Rpm. . 

(8) Determine proper resistance of series shunt, from predeter- 
mined ‘series winding, to sive rormal compounding at noryial 
speed, and still allow for 2 per cent. variation in speed. 


Bae 
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WORK. 


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ganritenvoayx 


TOTO LO 6 


Lab. Schetule Gl. 


Shoet “lL. 


Object: to nake a study and inspection or transi ission and distribut- 
ion tirowlts, “acconsories: ant oppliances, examine their elec- 
trical and iechanical condition, and make voltnmetor neasure- 
nonts of drop and insulation resistance; all ‘vith narticular 
rererence %O tho requirononts or installation and insurance 


ian Wational Board of "ire Un- 
9 Wational TFiectrical Code. 


of? the -sarie, noted Delovy. 


“ an ‘s 


the HuLechnbpoard 


C. From the svitchboare to grourds, for detectors and arresters. 
syitehboard to trensforner, or to fenders ani trans- 


~LN6, Where No transformers are used, 
BE. At the transformers, at oither endo? iinet. 
Pg DRA -Ursusisaeisr tS | or fander, fro svitenboard to svitch~ 
board oY Pro transrorie Tr’ vo translonior. 
d.. Distributine susten, fran the distributing point,. or trans= 
forner to tha laine or notor sorvice; mairs and brancnes. 
H. Prom transformorg to eround:; srounded secondaries. 


hx 


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” 


é one ar nore of the following features of the circuits, as nay 
be specifier or required 
(i) Mechanical immorfections; imprrfect or laose contacts, joints, 
Fittings, jvunetions, nonnadtions,ete. 
(2) condition of the électrical circeuite; localination of “faults: 
Coy Opel Girt vis 


(D) Orposnias. 
(c) Grounds. 
(a3 short n4 
(eo) Burn outs. 


Use nacneto and high ree 
sistance voltmetor. 


(3) Character and condition = of a et be is ane cs poe 
(2) Sr GtBHos: jlote,cspecially,carrving capac- 
(Dj*Ciresi t-brerkerg:, ity,kind, type, suitability, 
(oc) Mises, operating charac soristios, 
(d) Grounc detcetors. FOF circuits, and adi 
(2) Synchronizing arranrererts. details back or Sviteh Bc. 
(f) Lightning arresters, 
(f) Inosruments and accessories, Picea. rMLtipnlions,.. sraneioe. 
(h) Rerulators and conpensators 


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CIRCULT WORK. Lab. Schedule Gl. 
shee. S ° 
(4) Condition of insulation, of insulators an‘ of insulating mat- 
orials used in the constructive work of installat ion. 


(5) Measure insulation resistance of assigned yortions; Plate 4. 
(G) Moasure cround leaks and rosistance af grounds. 


(7) Make an electri cal survey of a district wheroa leakage of cur- 
ront is suspectrd, resulting in clectrolysis of underground 


pines for jas, waver, Gic. Plate 54. 


(8) With on Inspector's set, for voltage ara watbace eae tS, 
oxarnine lamps throucht the distributing systs 

: If larms are not all of sane rated. voltage, Pee atic ed 
proper larips have boon placed at the given point of obuer— 
vation. Also, atts consimed por lamp. 


Peay Depecriene roy 16 voltane, it LAO. 
yf 


(a) At cach stage of the distribution, or each HOP LL] Or 
the circuit, ac may be specificd, at asricnec loads. 


cy 


(bo) Examine difference 1n voltcce 
‘ho nae disizibutics ovaten or net works. 2 


4 


bDetwadn Any Ge Lape oF 
% onould 715 


5 


Aen “10. Die COGN te. OL PPL VOL « 


(10) Deterrine where subfesders night advantageously be intzo- 
ducer. into the svston, if deomed necessary, that a nevwork 
ruicht bo forrmods 

(2) In a direct current systor. 

(b) In an altornating currort syste. 
What. iis. tino detonmiunirg foctor ih o&fch case ar Netyork 
Gistribution or feeding? 


Raquirononts of Report: Follow Form B., and note rollowing: 
(a) Diasran riot fs er on exanired . 
(b) Deaw vp and 111 in an insnection schedule for each cireult 
or nortion of circuit exa@cined, sinilar to following: 
Desifnation of circuits 
Length Of Virows be ao 
Size of criro weed on. clrevit: (EB @ 8 saure) 
Distances apart of wires, of sane circuit: 
of dirfreront circuits, 
Resistance of circuit riven loan: 
Imped ance " t 1? i? i" 
NOs OL ccyeles, ar Aes. 10 Uses 
Volts, at distributing point, 
at receivine point: 
arop 2: VOPrvion of Sircuit, 
drop, caiovlatad: 
drop, in poréent of normal. 
Anperes, normal, or given load: oe gv 
Renarks, locat ion of faults, etc. j 


e 4 
a 


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Department of Electrical Engineering. 
University of Illineis, 


Lab. Schedule °.sheet ge 
B. Other Armature Losses,-watts lost in heating armature conductors. 


ix Uopper Soi cae poshaae, Losses: proportional to squere of current, 
Measure resistance of Armature. Sec Lab. Schedule 1. 


8. For Induction Motors apply low impressed Emf., for the res— 
pective current values (such as required when rimming at adirf- 
erent loads. ) 

Block the armature, 
Measure the watts input. 
This wili be approximatcly the Copper 1oss. 


GO. Field Losses; watts lost in heating ficlid coils, shunt and series. 
Measure resistance of fields, See Lab. Schedule 2. 


D. Cheek. — Sum of all of: abovo det 
the watts input, when machine i 
compound). and under same norma 


exmined losses should be equal to 
s operated as intended, (shunt or 
inconditions, at. no Joad. 


the normal op- 
“*R losses in 
et the net- input 


If the starting box or field rheostat is used, in, 
eration when determining this cheek, then the ¢C° 
each must bo deducted from the total input to ge 
PeQuired bo Eheck the eum of all Jessen. 


E,. Determination of Efficiency from Stray Power Measurements. 


Operate machine es Foom Five tc ten successive increments of 
loads uhdor normel conditions, to get the additional losses in 
field Windings', 

Determine the total losses and the efficiencies at the various 
loads and plot, as per Form Ga. 


' 


Report according to Form H, Plot according to Form G. Insert Losses 
on Data Form D. 











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University of Illinois. : 
Lab. Sehedule “fae 
HEVECIBUCY DETEPMINATIONS. 
Determination of Effeciencv of Dynanos and Motors by Dv nario meter or 
célibrated otor 
Precautions, - 
Determine vnder: normal speed, volts and cur“ent. 
Calibrate motor to be of sufficient capacity to drive eenerator-at 
at fully 25 per cent overload: 
-cintain uniform speed through the experiment. 
Determine Losses and Rffeciency under following Opera ating Conditions:- 
A. -iHo-load determination of Losses. 
Drive machine by externel source of power or by calibrated 
motor, at normal speed, to determine pover recuised as follow: 
d.J5rushes off, to get journalvand air frictional losses. 
2. Brushes on; no current to fet additional brush friction. 


5. Separately excited, normal volts, open external circuit, to 
set additional losses due to hysteresis and edd currents. 


4. Self-excited, normal volts, open external circuit, te feat 
additional losses due to heating shunt field windings. 

Be- Range of Loads, to determine Effeciency. 
Drive machine by external source of power or calibrate! motor 
at normal speed, to determine power required as follows: 
Self-exceied, normal volts; range of loals, from onen circuit 
to 25 per cent. over-load, at from five to ten successive 
increments at which effecienc:' is to be determined. 


Hote:- Report according to Form H; Plot curves accordins to Porm G. 


‘¥ 

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Department of Electrical Engineering. q 
University of Iilinois. ‘ 


Lab.Schedulie lil, 
MOTOR-GENERATOR TEST. 


Measurement cf Stray Power and. Efficiency by Motor-Generator 
Method, of Hopkinson's Circulating Test, based on the assumption that 
the stray power losses are the same in each machine, which will usu- 
ally be the case when the condition is fulfilled that the two machines 
are of the sore type and size, and of the same kind of compounding. 

Connect the two machines in series, one as a dynamo, the other 
as motor, and supyly loss by auxiliary dynamo. 

Overating Conditions: 

(1) Uniform speed of dynamo. 
(2) Maintain nornbant potential between the machinss. 

Preliminary: Run to see if the two machines can be operated to- 
gether throughout ranges of loads intended. 

Measurements: Series of readings from zero to full load. 

Precautions:- | 

(1) Insert fuses in main supply and inter connected circuits. 

(2) Note Instructions, of Schedule 7, for the operation of 
dynamos and motors inseries and in parallel. 

(3) Exercise special care in the use and adjustment of the 
field rheostats and brushes of each machine. 


Report:~- See requirements, Form B and G. 


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ARG LAMPS,-CTUDY AND BL CTRICAL MEASURTMINTS. Lab. Schedule 14. 

Object: to vecone Cariiliar vith the circuits, an’ operation, 
and. exanine "drop" through are lamp nechanisons. 

ctudv. 7 Sea. Study" schedu e 0.1. Wake Diasrens of circuits and 
operating mechanisnt. Exavine lasap, as per ollowing 
ech BALE: 

(1) Nance of lamp. 

(2) Kind of limp, open or enéeloge; arc. 

(3) Mine of service, dirset or alternating ourrent, ¢ notant 

curren, or cor ‘gtant potantial. 
(4) Drie porer mechanisn, foeding carbons forvard as consuned. 
(5) Striking necnanism, to bring tocather or scparate carvons, in 


starting the and. 
(G) Peeding mechanisn, parts by which driving pover foeds eardons. 
(7) Moderating attachr rent to vrovent too sudden movements of parts. 
(8) Replacenont meo hanisn to Bllov of re-carboniny the Ladi). 
(9) Focusing meonanisn, 40 keep liwiinous point im one pos sition. 
(10) ‘Chanre-over noonanis 32, to bring second pair of carbons into 
use. 
(11) Cut-out neshanisn, vo complete circuit aroune lamp, Wienever 
it becomes inoperative. 
INSPECTION: Sen "Insveetion" Scherule 0.0. 
OPERATION: Sen "Operation" Schedule 0. 4. 
(1) Precaution: use ciead or colored glass in looking at arce 
(2) Preliminary: 
Detormine prover direction of current: note crater, i. Stee 
Adjust controlling devices ror recular current valuc. 
Fnsure freedom of iovoment of all parts, starving, stop line, 
and ferding mechanisms, etc. 


3 


( 


) Operation: 


Nxamine: shape of poinvs, kind of are (lons or short). 

rfeat of forcicn subsvances anh pAigle ae lene 

Effect of using copper coated carbons. 

Rate of consumption. of noel tiv, ‘and nogative carbo1s. 

Examine funetional working of all parts and. ecnanLuns. 
ELECTRICAL MEAS UREMENG PS See thleas, of Res"., Lab. Sch. 1,4. 

(1) Resistances or parts: 

(2) Determine drop in potential tnhrouch or across parts of larip: 
the rerulative resistance, mechanish, and tne are, av sucm 
cessive increments of current. 

Determine the counter Enf, of the arc, and watts lost or con- 


SUMed. 


CURVES: Plot the aro 


nochanism, are 
current. 
References: Nichols, L 


7 


p iv potential throveh rerulative resistsnce, 


, atc, as determined at various inersnents of 
aboratory Manuel, II. Exp. 21, page 46. 


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ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION. Lab. Schedule 51 


To determine the efficiency and separate the losses at various R. 
loads in an electric power tramsmission, from input, at generating 
end (engine or dynamo to output of motor. 


Case A.~Direct Current Transmission. 

Case B.~Alternating Current Transmission without Transformation. 

ase C.-Alternating Current Transmission with Transformation. 

Case D.-Composite Transmission,, Direct and Alternating Current 
Simultaneously on same line, 


In transmissioh by alternating currents, experiment respectively:- 


I.-Synchronous working. 


Ui.-Induction Motor working. 


III.—-Combined synchronous and induction motor service. 
Performance balanced and unbalanced. 


IV .-Synchronous Converter workings. 

V.-Automatic Regulation of Transmission Line, 
Precautions:-— 

1l.-Insert fuses and circuit breakers of proper capacity. 


2.-Use instruments whose scales cover all ranges of loads to 
be experimented with. 

3e-Provide for satisfactory and steady working cf water= 
cooled rope brake or cradle dynamoncter 

4.-Follov directions for "Operation, "Sche 


‘ 
T f-a 
iw) 


dulLe 0.4. 


Prelininary: 
1.-Make short preliminary run, to examine working of everyvthi 
&e-Run up to specified overload to examine range.of rheostats, 
regulators, instruments,ctc., and ensure repeating this 
at any time, under steady conditions. 


3.-Secure operating conditions for pest regulation, at normal 
or specified loads; or determine loads at which Dac: er ake 


dation may be obtained, 
Observations:— : 
1.-Take readings Simultaneously, by watch or signal 
only when steady conditions are abtained, 
&.-Repeat or take set of readings at initial conditions of each 
stage of the transmission, for soparation of losses. 
3.~Take series of readings at successive increnents of load 
in. one: direction only. 
4.-Do not reverse direction of load changes t 
earlier reading. 
Plot curves of ifficiency and Separation of Losses, as may be 
Specified, — See Form G, sheets I and 2. ; ii 


(2) 


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Department of Electrical Engineering. 
University of Illinois. 


Lab. Schedule, 
DISTRIBUTION OF POTENTIAL. 
‘Distribution of Potential +o be determined while the machine 
operation, by at icast two methods, 
Methods to be sed: | 
(1) Mordey's Method, by Pilot brush and Voltmeter. 
(2) Thompson's Method, by pair of pilot brushes. 


Precautions: 


DeC.101, 


(1) The terminal voltage at dynamo brushes, must be kept constant, 


as well as the speed and load; lead of brushes fixcd, 


(2) Thorough contacts must be insured. 


Sources of Error: 


(1) Due to variable terminal voltages, speed, load, and lead. 


(2) Due to imperfect contact of vilot brushes. 


(3) Due to hasty averaging of unsteady readings. 


schedule: Make four complete sets of Observations, as follows:- 


(1) By Mordey's Method, at no load, normal excitation. 


By Mordey‘s Method, at given load. 


) 
4) By Thompson's Method, at given load. 


6) By Thompson's Method, at no load, normal excitavion. 


Note:— In Mordey's Method use only a high scale reading voltmeter, 


In Thompson's Method, use low scale reading voltmetor. 


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Department Flectiical Engineering. | 


University of Iltinois. 
: Lab. Schedule. A.C. 201. 


Measurenent of INDUCTANCES.- Jeubert's method; and Am. *: "nm. , 2G Dee 
Direct comparison, with known or measured non-inductive resistance, in 
sarics with inductance to be measured, whose resistance is also known. 


flterhatine current, approximately sinusoidal; 110 volts. 


Ve 


(1) By direct current, fall-of-potential-method, measure resistances 
of inductive and non-inductive branches. 


(2) With elternating ; current, measure fall of potentdal, 
along inductiver, and non-inductive F resistances; and current 


(7). 
(3) Determine the frequency of the alternating current. 


Tnstrvments: D.c. ammeter and voltmeter, for resistance measurement. 
A.C. voltmeter with negligible inductance. 
A.C. ammeter, for current in circuit. 


Precaution: currents used must not heat resistances, appreciably. 
frequency determinations must be simmltaneous with reading 
of instruments. 
A.C. instruments must not b 
A.C. supply to be steadv, i 


e left. in circvite 
fT iron is in circuits 


Take ten (10) consecutive readings for D.C. and A.C. determinetions 
resvectively; find arithmetical average and apply Least Squares. 


In Joubertts method, appl: following formmla: 


>) fs 
(a) Fz and R, and E and R being i. = I(Ry + arg 212 t/2 
res ectivelyv, Raf. and resis- Fi b ae 


tances ef inductive und non- 
inductive circuits. 

f, the frequency. 

L, the inductance to be found. 


(>) In Am. and Vm. method, apzvly formule, as usual, for an alter- 
nating current flowing in an inductive circuit, from which 
the impedance and reactance is to be found, anclivtically and 
graphically. 


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LNDUGT BE of an Alternator Arm AT ULE « 


Be oN 


Altornation ornature inauctances may pe obtmined either when the 


Y 
machine 4 or in motion. 


a) 
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1. Joubert! s method. See Lab. Scheduice, A. C.201. 
Oe ATi, fe Vike DSTO. (Impedance mothod ). Lab. Sche, AsO. #01, 
$,-By combination of the two preceding; that is, comparison 
with known inductance. 
Apply. formala for comparison of Emf. and impedance, in case 
of two inductive Aus stariced™ in sorties. 


B.-The Ent. of the alternator is to be measured, an open Circuit; 
4nen with load of known resistance and ere ricasure the 
armubure current, and a@eternine the impedance, and shenes: tne 


~oactance py tho usual formula. 


RUN.—-Alternator on open circuit. 
1,-Normally exclicd. 
2 -With non-inductive load of known resistance. 
or,3.-With inductive load, of known rok sistance and inductance 


Measurements: 
1. Monsure Enf., at. terminals, open circuit. 
re " axternal circuit current. 
9, Deternine frequency. 


TNStTUNCNbSe oleGe VoLsmeter and Ammoter, of 


Precautions: 
Maintain exciting eurrent constant. 
Onerata.at conatant speed. 
Frequency cetorminations nust be simultancous with readings. 
Load must be maintained constant. 


Take ten (10) consecutive readings, steady current. 


Notes: (1) If armature curront does not have too great demagnetizing 
effect on the field, then the open circuit Emf. of the armature 

ner be assused to bo the same as the total Emf. to be obtained, | 

when the aruature is connected wp with the external circuit. 





(2). Ent. and current curvés should be approximately sinc. | 


| 


(3) Armature inductance will then be equal to the difference | 
between the inductance of the entire circuit and the known 6x= 
ternal inductance .« | 


| 

(4) The inductances of the entire circuit is to be found as | 

usual, by the Am. & Vm. method, applying the formula for the | 

A.C. current flowing in the circuit, from which the impedance 

end reactance are then to be found analytically and graphically 
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Departrent of Flectrical Fnginee-iner. 


Universit:y of Illinois 
Lab. Schedule. A.C. 


Determination of ANGLE of LAG. 


— 


aA 
‘we 


The encle of Lag may be determined from its cosine, by measuring the 


trve watts of the alternating current, and dividing by the apnarent 
watts. 
Alternating current: approximately sinusoidal: 110 volts. 
Measurements: measure the true energy of the circuit, by wattmeter; 
measure the apparent energy of the circuit, bv usual 
«A.C. ammeter and voltmeter. 
Instruments: A.C. Wattmeter, high resistance, non-inductive. 
A.C. Voltmeter, high resistance, non-inductive. 


A.C. ammeter. 


Precautions: A.C. Watt:1eters and voltmeters, must not be used with nore 


than 15% of the maximum allowable scale reading of t1 


pressure coils. 


Ve 


Character of the circuit under examination mist not be 


changed during the time. 
Take five (5) consecutive readings, throvchovt, with three differen 


Kinds of inductive itads, in ¢ircuit. 


Note: If curves of Emf. and of current are at all irregular, then the 


result found avove will be the angle of lag between the 


equivalent sine curves. 


ia 
Apply usual methods for analytical and graphical solution. 


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Department of Flectrical In;ineering. 


Ttniversity of Illinois. 
Lab ° Sehned “3 . f. e i ra 


POT R and POVHP FACTOR of Alternating Current. 








The Pover Deé€toi: will be determined from the angle of las, St vai 
loads which are to be measured bv the usual methods for determsing 
true and enparent vreéts. 


Till be used: 


-! 


Two Fet:.ods 


(1) Follow Schedule, A.C. #20 for measurements with 


ee) 
” 


ammeter and A.C. Voltmeter of the apparént watts. 
(2) Use Inte; ekating Vatitmeter of suiteble range. 
a 
time intervals, respectively 


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AXxG MSasurertents of Power and determinations for Power Factor 


[mn this hxperiment, neclect the power consumed by 
: 


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- Department of Electrical Engineering. 


University of Illinois. 
Lab. Schedule. A.C. 205. 


Measurement of CAPACITY.- Ammeter and Voltmeter Method. 


Direct comparison, with known or measured non-inductive resistance, in 
series with the capacity to be measured. 


Alternating current, approximately sinusoidal; 110 volts. 


Measurements: 
(1) By direct current, fall-of-potential method, measure resistance 
of non-inductive branch. 


(2) With alternating current measure fall of potential (E,) across 
condenser terminals; and fall of potential (E) along non-in-= 
ductive resistance; and current (I). 


(3) Determine the frequency of the alternating current. 


Instruments: D.C. ammeter and voltmeter, for resistance measurement. 
A.C. woltmeter with negligible inductance. 
AsC,. ammeter, for current in circuit. 


Precautions currents used must not heat resistances, appreciably. 
frequency determinations must be simultaneous with reading 
of instruments. 
A.C. instruments must not be left in circuit. 
A.C. supply to be steady. 


Take ten (10) consecutive readings for D.C. and A.C. determinations 
respectively; find arithmetical average and apply Least Squares. 


In this method apply following formula: 


(a) E, being the condenser Enf, 1 
: resistance of condenser is E, = 1 SaF TE 
zero; E and R being re- = -- oR 


spectively Emf. and resis- , 

tance of non-inductive portion of the circuit. 
f, the frequency 
k, the capacity to be found. 


(b) In this Am. and Vm. Method, apply the formula, as usual, for an 


ye 


altemating current flowing in a circuit containing resistance and capaci- 


ty, as in this case, from which the impedance and reactance are to be 
found, analytically and graphically. 





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. Department of Electrical Engineering. 


Imniversitvy of Illinois. : : 
Lab. Schedvle A.C. 206. 


TUDNCTANCE or CAPACITY in Series and in Parallel . 

Detcrmninations of the resultant Km:. (for series co?rtbinations) and 
of the resultant current (for parallel combinations) in circuits contain- 
ing only: 

A.- Inductance; or B.- Capacity. 
‘lternating current, approximately sinusoidal, 110 volts. 


Measturenents : 
(1). By direct current, falkof-potential method, measure resistance 
of non-inductive branch. 


(2) With alternating current measure fall of potential (Ne } across 
condenser termirials; and fall of potential (i) along non-in- 
ductive resistance; and current (1). 


(5) Determine the frequency of the alternating current. 
ob 


Instruments: D.G. ammeter and voltmeter, for resistance measurerent. 
A.G. voltmeter with negligible inductance. 
A.G. ammeter, for current in circuit. 


Precentions: currents used must not heat resistances, appvreciabl:. 
frequency determinations must be simultaneous with reading 
of instruments. 
A.C, instruments mist not be left in circuit. 
Ao, .Buvniy To. be* stead’: 


made 
Combinations to be as follows for each case: A, of Induetances; and B, 
of Condensers. 


1. In series, without hon-inductive branch. 
2. In series, with non-inductive branch. 
ils 
1. In parallel, without non-inductive branch. 
2. In simple parallel, with non-inductive branch. 
3. In series parallel, with non-inductive branch. 


Construct for each case A and B the individual and resultant. 
I. Emf. triangles for all series combinations. 
IJ. Gurrent triangles for «11 parallel combinations. 


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Department of Electrical Fngineerin;;. 


Tniversity of Illinois. 
Lib. Schedule A.C. 207. 


TWMUCTANCK and GAPACITY in Series und in Parallel. 

Determinsticn of the resultant Fmf. (for series combinations} and of 
current (for parallel combinations) in circuits containing both induce 
tance and capacity. 


Alternating, curzent, approximately sinusoidal: 110 volts. 


, Sasvrenerts : 
(1) Ry direct current, fall-of-potential method, measure resistance 
of non-inductive branch. 


(2) With alternating current measure fal'of poténtial (F,) across 
condenser terminals; and fal= of potential (F) alon,: non-in=- 
ductive resistance; and current (i). 


(3) Determine the frequency of the alternating current. 


Instruments: D.C. ammeter and voltmeter, for resistance measurement. 
A.G. woltmeter with neglible inductance. 
A.C@e armeter, Tor current in circuit. 


Precautions: currents used must not heat resistances, ayppreciabl:. 
frequency determinations must be simmltaneous-with reading 
of instruments. 
A.C. instruments must not be left.in circuit. 
A.C. suppiv to be steady. 


Combinations to be made as follows for each case of 
 Ae~ Induttamce freater Then capaci ty. 

Bo= Indvctaence Garal to Gapacl uy. 

C.=- Inductance less tian ci.pacitr,. 


1. In series, without non--inductive branch. 
2. In series, with nen-inductive branch, 


Ei. 
i, Inparallel, without non-inductive uranch, 
2e In simple paraiiel, with non-induutive branch. 
3e In series parallel, with non-inductive branch. 


c ividual end resulecat 
Pr 7eS coOmoinatlors. 
a C Jinations. 


Construct for each case A, B and 
22 Em. trianreies tor ellis 
Tl, Current triangles Tor sl 


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University of Illinois. 


Lab. Schedule A.C. 210. © 


A 
A.— Study of Transformers. See Study’y Tab. Schedule Ode 


TRANSTORURR OPMRATION. 


Be~ Inspection of Transformers. See NISPMCTION, Lab. Schedule 0.2, sheets 
LI and 2; special. inspection by magneto and voltmeter. 


C.— Operation. of Trans former’s.~ See’ OPERATION» Lab. Sxhedule 0.4. 


1. Generzl condition: Transformers to be of same type and size, and 
of ratios adapted to combination desired. 

2.—- Operating condition of a single Tranéformer’, with diviced 
circuits: 

(a) The primary andi secondary cotls of transformer to be cen- 
nected in series or im parallel, as required by its use, 
and examined by high reading voltmeter, or by tro lamps, 
to determine if Emf.'s have been added or subtracted. 

(db) Tor Scott Phasing Transformers, connect main and teazer 
tapes, examine main and teazer terminals to deternine which 
of the latter is to be dead-ended. 


in 
3s switehing—,conditions; of two or more transformers: 

(a} Direction of current flow should be the sarie; plus to plus 
for parallel; plus to minus for series coupling. 

(b) The mf. or current to be the same, for each transformer 
according to the specific combinations noted in the sched- 
ule below. 

Connect primaries, as required by combinction being 
being; made; connect one side of each secondar:? and ex- 
anine voltage across free ends of seconduries, by high 
reading voltmeter, or two lamps to determine if Imf.'s 
nave been added or subtracted. 


4,- Operating Conditions of Transformers, as coupled: 
Operate at different loads, to the maximum for coribined 
output, and examine heating and re_guiation for satisfac- 
tory working. 


5.- Unbalenced loads, on tvo-circuit, S-wire systems: 
(a) Illustrate effect of unbulancing, by neutral ameter or 
lamp bank. 
(b) Illustrate effect of blowing fuse on one-half of 3-wire 
svstem, from a single divided-circuit transformer. 


6.~ Unbalanced loads on Polyphase circvits. . 
(a} Exemine effect 6f vnbalanced 2-phase s‘sten. 
(B) Rxamine effect of unbalanced S-phase sv:ste-. 
(c) Rxaiiue effect of reduced transformer ratio or open cir- 
cuit in three-phase s:'stem. 


Mote: Primary coils, the small wire high resistance windings. 
Secondary coils, the large wire low resistance windings, 


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Department of Hlectrical Engineering. 


Tniversityv of Illinois. 












































Transformer Operation. Lab. Schedule A.C. 210. (2) 
Schedule of Consctions and Combinations. 

‘Primary |Second.]Resulting Ratios, for circuits below: 
paoine te Coils Coils. | One circuit{Two circuit [Two circuit |Primi 
transformer: 2-wire. 3-wire. 4-wire. volt 
Connection #i | Par'T aro ee 
| #2 Par*1. iSeries. | 
iy Series. |Par'L. : 
| Fe |Series. iSeries. 

—_E._ sss: fs cons 
i|ITI.Two Trans. 
| Combination#2 |Par'l. |Par‘l. 
| #2 |Par'L. |Series | | | 
| #3 |Series |Par'hL. | 
| #4 |Series |Series_ ane 

| | 

‘lil. -2-PhaseTrans} | 

| Combination #1} Indep. Indep. |; 2-phase, 4-wire, to 4-wire 
#2\Indep. {Series |2—phase, 3-wire to 3-wire. 

| i i\Indep. |2—~phase, 3-wire to 4-wire. 

#4\Series |Series | 2-phase, 3-wire to 3-wire. 

t 

| 














{ 
| 
| j | 
Iv’ 3-phase Trans 
Combinations#1!Delta. |Delta. | 3-wire system. | 
$e aDelta. iStar. | S-vire svstem. : 
#3\Delta. |Star. S-wire to 4-wire svstem. | 
| #4| Star. |Delta. 3wire sygéem. 
#5)| Star. atar. |3-wire system. 
| #6 Star. [Star r, | 3-wire t to 4~wire. = 
| | | 
iV. Phasing. Im. Beast feosnt 3-phase }o-wire Second Prin. 
|__Trahsformers. {Star. | indep. |Delta, |Star. | a 











Note: In the above combinations, compare the actual with the theoretical 


ratios of transformation and the EmT. 


relations 


in polyphase combinations. 


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Department of Electrical Engineering. 
University of Illinois. 
TRANSFORMER TESTING. Lab. Schedule A.C. 211i. 


A. Resistances of Primary (High Resistance) end Secondary (Low Re- 
Bistance) Coils.-- See Lab. Schedules 1 and 2, Resist. Meas. 


B. Inductance of Transformer and its variations with different de- 
grees of saturation. See Lab. Schedule A.C. 201. 


C. Angle of Lag, Power and Power Pactor of alternating current 
through Transformer. See Lab. Schedule A.C. 203, 204. 


D. Transformer Testing: 
Operating Conditions: Primary voltage must be steady. 
Apply all loads gradually on secondary circuit. 
Pr ary run to examine operation and range of apparatus. 


1. Regulation ox External Characteristics: 
Readings: Primary voltage, to be maintained constant. 
Secondary current and voltage at variable loads. 


2. Power Factor Curve: See Lab. Schedule A.C. 204. 


3, Loss Cures; to: be determined as follows: 
(a) Copper Losses, from ammeter measurements and given or 
known resistances of primary and secondary coils. 
{b) Iron Losses, by following readings on open circuit 
sedondary: 
(1) ammeter,to correct for small and usually negli- 
ble copper. losses. 
. (2) wattmeter, to determine total losses in trans- 

former. 


4, Efficiency, to be determined by following methods: 

(a) Simple wattmeter method, by simultaneous wattmeter 

measurements in primary and secondary. 

(b) Stray power method, compute the effiency from the above 
determined copper and iron losses. 

(c) Sumpner's circulation method, or Differential method: 
Two similar transformers, same type and size. 
Primaries of the two transformers shortcircuited on 
themselves, in series. 

Secondary of one transformer, in parallel across the 
mains; secondary of the other transformer in series 
with secondary of an auxiliary transformer and a watt- 
meter, and all three in» parallel, across the mains. 
Ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter in maincircuit. 


Note: Use Forms, B and @ in writing report on above work. 


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aaticieg anal Department of Electrical Enginecring. 
. University of Illinois. 






COUPLING ( SYNCHRONIZING ) ALTERNATORS . has eRe ee 
Sheet 1. 


A. General Conditions: 


(1) Alternators #5 Bo or same type anda similarly driven by the 
same kind of prime mover (steam or gan onginer, turbines 
or motors). Mes 
(2) Composite alternators to have sA.c tipe off composite wind- 
ings. 
(3) Circuits dron nachines to be of sale pnase,-voltace and fre= 
quency. 


B. Synehnronising Lamps. 


Connect for each machine synchronizing lap or lanps (of 

total voltage equal to that or each macrirne) in gories with 
tho synchronizing bus bars or in series with similsr arrange— 
nent at otner yaechinoe (if there are only ti70 machines to bo 


coupled), with plug or svitch to cut out laps at any time. 
Totai voltage of all lamps in series equal twice the voltage 


of machines: synchronized. 

Sincle phase, circultec roquire only one ant Ox 
laps aH-eseh-pHese; HALE SH thet arvancod, a3 above Gae- 

soribed, for each achine « 

Tro and, ~hree-phase sirovits, reauire a sot of synchronizing 
laps in each phase, unless 4nev have previously been nade 
syrmetrical in each phase and the connections for synchron- 
izing thence made NATIZV-ONT « 


c. Synehroniziys Sritei: 


vovide synchronizing syvitch betroon tho leadts of the tivo 

nachines: and if thers are nore than tvo machines, srch a 

g7itch to be provided. betivecn nachine and buc bar; and, in 
at «ft 


any case synehronigzing switch mss throw in all phases at 
Once. 


D. Starting: 


Machine to-ve coupled must be driven by independent. prine 
mover end brouzht up to synehrorous speed, usually sTithnout 
Verna < 


Bring up voltaze to that of othor machine or of the but DaPs. 
k. Switching-in Conditions, or Synchronizing. 


Plus; in the synchronizing lam or balps for each machine, be- 
fore synchronovs speed is reached. 

As synchronous speed is reached, wateh when Llaaips fo Out. 

Throw synchronizing switch auring « long interval vin lamps 
are out, at which sime the machines are in synchronism. 

Machines are usually synchronized with no load on then. 


? 


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A.C. Schedule 215, 


Synchronous motor norking. | 


et aw ate 0 oe ow cae eae am din ew les aw eoaewiiie aes Ss din ene anew amen an 


(See schedule for OPERATION, for all features of work applying to this which 
‘are not included in electrical lines of operation. ) 
4.- synchronous. working, in general, single or polyphase circuits. 

I.+ Illustration of characteristic features of the operation and per- 


SS ST A OS TE CA A SE A TS A NS He HT ST ES Hm Sm NE oY Se cm 


formance of synchronous motors, 


. = phow that a a synchronous motor, unexcited, will start up, as an induction 
machine, attain almost synchronous speed, 


Eng Rb stbseke Rea ode SEAS 2S SRE WaR aE ARS NE 8h 


e &; curre 
weak fiel itation, current 1 ES, 6. value for 
fay ita fish? eeiee tion, puresn bare browsht Prt phase with 
a um giyinE unit y power AAT OE and minimum line cur- 
: an paxi tum er etficien 
(c) rok er fie excit ation “obrrent becomes leading, and increases 
or given work ddéne 


a 5 
fe ar bye Cbape ne bhp ge4.e3 ee eee 


cl 
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inl um, c unit 
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(c) Bima fie koa ta Fon, c rrent oad “pe imeressed mmf. 
ag 


Pate loa passes through zero lay, and Sak 


-Show how to hold power factor close to unity, 1 
tt a aneye ter of Feed exaltation. orgie hed as Meares ss ae 


-show under what conditions current will be leadin t ligh 
Bt greater Toads than these For unity power Factor. Ke ee ther re tee ee 


8.-s5how that. synch opgus motor will work, with given outout s 
g rrent, with of 3° iff erent counter zm AY ee offe case grep sacioun an Th 
@ Other case With agging current, 


7,-show when an over-<¢ oe ed 8 synchronous botor sets ike, a condenser on the 
transm2 ss1 n tine, and wor in Gircult with an induction motor to raise 
the power factor cof t pee 


8 chow that. an, overloaded rolyphase synchronous motor that falls 
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A. marnenroncus working, in cenerat single or polyphase circuits. 
II,-nxperimental Determination of Machine Characteristics, 


attnn aihied mite axl A ce ce A ce St me 


1.-Determine if machine has very low armature reaction; that is, good 
constant potential regulation, by the greater care required in the ad- 
justment of voltage, phase, etc., for throwing in, at any given fre- 
quency. 


ou If machine has very low armature reaction, short circuit, falling out of 


out of step, (due to overload), or opening field circuit will destray 
synchronous working of machine. 
£.-betermine if machine has high armature reaction, as shown by its be- 
havior in synchronizing; synchronizing power will be greatly reduced, re- 
quiring very careful adjustment of driving power, lest it be thrown out 
of synchronism, ° 
é.-betermine, if synchronous motor, as a generator, has excellent inher- 
ent regulation (small armature reaction and self-induction), by experi- 
mentally determining if one field adjustment gives practically unity 
power factor, at all tut very light loads; and whether it requires a large 
Starting Out. 
4,-Determine this suitable field excitation, for unity power factor, 
over wide ranges of load variations. 

III.-axperimental Determination of Operating Characteristics. 


LO SS ES AS SS SE OS A Te ASO cnet eS Oe es eee ee cee es ee aes cee ee we ee oe ee ee oe oe 


1.-If motor takes large strating current, try effect of reactance and re- 
stance in main line circuit. at about 50% of impressed iEmf., the 
atetias current equals about full load current, and torque then about 15% 
full load torgue; corroborate. 
2.-show how, experimentally, to adjust field excitation, for any given 
load on any synchronous motor, to get unity power factor at that given 
load, whether average or full load.-: 
<.-Bxamine conditions when field strength of two mabhines, equal in all 
"esppatesSts QUREREER SY"gonerGust’ and gebieds af foLlovs: 
te “eh sateen Gh generator greater than motor. 
c 16 strengst generator i 
IV, -Starting-Operations, ; 
1,-Start, with motor in synchronism, at very low speeds, and slowly in- 
crease speed of generator, to prevent motor falling out. 
&.- By running up to synchronous speed, by driving motor from any source of 
power, and throwing into line wih generator when motor is in synchronism, 
as shown by synchronizing lamos.: 


ess than motor. 


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= |e 
tine ' A,C. Schedule 25. 





SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR WORKING. 

(See Schedule for OPERATION, 0.4, for all features of work applying to 

this which are not included in electrical lines of operation). 
Illustfation of characteristic features of the operation and per- 

fornance of synchronous motors, single or polyphase circvits. 


A. Starting Conditions. 
1. Start, with motor in synchronism, at very low speeds, and slowly 
increase speed of cenerator, to prevent motor falling out. 


2. Start by running up to synchronous speed, by driving motor fron 
any sotree of power, and throwing into line with generator when motor is 
in synchronism, as shown by s:nchronizing lamps. 


5. Show that a synchronous motor, unexcited, will start up, as an 
induction machin», and attain almost synchronous specd. 


B. Operating Conditions. 

1. Show that by changing the excitation of synchronous motor, the 
phase of the line current is shifted, and as follows, for a given or 
fixed load on the -:otor: 

(a) Weak field excitation, current lugs, large value for work. 

(b) Moderate field excitation, current mcv be brought into phase with 
impressed FEmf,., givingunity power factor and minimum line current, and 
maximum efficiency’. 

(c) Stronger field excitation, current becomes leading, ind increases 
in value for given work done. 


ee Show that by changing the load on the svnchronous motor; the phase of 
the line current’may be shifted, and as follows, for given decrees of 
field excitation? 

(a) Weak field, motor rather under-excited, power .factor situaply 

reaches a minimum, but does not become unity. 

(b>) Moderate field excitation, (the most desirable one}, the current 
lags behind impressed Fmf. at small loads, comes into phase with 
it, at about avera;;e load, and lass again at heavier loads 
owing = te Fes Léadin;~ the Ip * hot. 

(c) Strong field excitation, eurrent leads the Imp. Mnf. at all 
light and moderate loads, passes through zero lag, and then lags 
more and more; maximum leads. 


5S- Show how to hold power factor close to unity, as anv load changes, 
by suitable variation of field excitation. 


4, Show that synchronous motor will work, with given output, and at same 
Arm. current, with two different degrees of excitation, in one case 
with leading and in the other case with lagging current. 


S. Show when an over-excited synchronous motor asts like a@ condenser on 
the trensmission line, and work it in circuit with an induction motor to 
raise the power factor of the line. 


¢ Show that an overloaded polyphase synchronous motor that falls ovt G2 
of step, can quickly be brought up to speed and into step, by relieving 
slightly of the load. 


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; A. G. Sehedule--218.: . 
Inducticn Motor norking.’ 


Counce bara d mate eerie 
(See Schedule f@r OPBRATION, for ali features of work applying to 
this which are not included in electrical lines of operation. ) 
a= Induction motor working, in xeneral, single or polyohwe circuits, 
1.-Illustration ot charscteristia features of operation and 
performance of Induction souors, chiefly of the short-circuited 
armature type. : 

2,-Show that large starting currents are required for these, 

3.-show that the slin, in speed; of induction motors, increases 
with the load applied. 

4,-Show thet the starting ourrent is reduced ty lowering the im- 
pressed anf,, and at the sacrifice of starting toraue. 

5,~Show that in an overloaded induction motor, the speed and torque 
racidly fall off, while excessive current is required. 

@,~Show when an overloaded motor will stop; how started again? 

?,~Show how speed of induction motor may te varied by varying the 
impressed amf., by use of an v.ternal reactance or compensator 
on motor possesaing high fixed armature resistance.: 

&.=Show thot cowerfector of the circuit, at full load of induction 
motor, remains practically unchanged with ordinary variations 
in the imcressed inf.’ 

9,-Show that an induction motor may be advantageously used in cen- 
nection with a synchronous motor on same line, to reduce rower 
factor, by synchronous motor ccrformance as condenser. | 

Il.- experigental vetermination of kachine Characteristics. : 


1,-Determine if induction notor has high breakdown poins, and at 
what speed, slio, current, and anf, 7 

2.-vetermine if the machine requires large wagnetizing current, ond 
under what conditions. 

c.-Determine what starting loads, and whet full and overloads, the give 
machine is adapted to take, under given conditions of 
electrical supply, and possiblo e@sriutions in impressed anf, 


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. Peatetion % uoter working, in eke single or polyphase circuits,- 
IIIl.-Experimental Determination of Operating Characteristics, ° 
1.- Determine starting and acceleration characteristic,-speed 
and time, for any given load and impressed imf, 
£,- betermine relation of starting current to starting torque at 
given impressed inf. 
IV.-Starting Operations. 
B,-Single Phase Induction Hotors. 
I.= Starting Operations. 
- Determine starting characteristics and all features connected 
with starting, as above noted, in general, for following: 
i,+auto-transformer in starting single chase induction motors. 
2.-Phasé splitting, by use of resistance and reactance, in ex- 
ternal circuit of motor, 
C.-Polyphase Induction hotors. 
I,-Cperating Characteristics. 
: 1.-Cpen one leg of coe it hile moter is in normal running 
conditions, and determine following points: 
(4) Allow motor to slow down, Ly opening line switches, 
close the same, and determine point below which the in- 
duction motor, so operated, will not start up again,: 
(t) Show thet the same notor cannot be started uo from rest, 
under these conditions. 
(¢) Determine slip, current, etc., as detailed above, in 
general, for thé induction motor operated under these con- 
‘ditions, and compare results obtained when motor was norm 
ally ocerated, 

&.- Uperate colyshsase induction motor, as a Single or two-thase 
machine, as a case may be, and compade rerforimance, output, 
etc. as obt alned uncer ‘nortial operating cond litions, and as 
obtained when one leg is. thrown out of service. 

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pee - Department of Hlectrical Engineering, 
YniIVeratty ler Tliinois. 
p A.C. Schedule 





A184 a A. Pe 


-INDUCTION MOTOR WORKING. 


(See schedule for OPERATION 0, 4 for all fPeutures of work applying 
to this which are not included in electrical lines of operation ). 


Tilustration of operation and porformance of Induction motors, chief- 
ly of the short-circuited armature type. 


Le STARTING CONDITIONS. 
1. Single phase Induction Motors, 

(a) Examine Auto-transformer in starting these motor 

(b) Examine use of phase Spiitting, by.use of resis 
reactance,in external ciresuit of single pha 

2. Polyphase Induction Motors. 
zamine starting conditions for 2-phase and 3-phase notors. 
8. Starting Current and Torque, in general. 

(a) Show that large starting currents ere requiredes 

(b) Show that the starting current is reduced by lowering the 
impressed Emf., and at sacrifice of starting torcue. 

(c) Determine what starting ioads, and what full and oversoads, 
the given macnine is adapted to take, under ziven condit- 
ions of elec. supply, and possible variations in impressed 
Funt ; . 

B. OPERATING CONDITIONS. | 


tte 


ad 
a 
49) 
3 


1. Show that the slip, in speed, of induction motors, inereases 
With the load applies. 

&. Show that in an overloaded induction motor, the syéeéed and tor- 
que rapidly fall orf, while oxeessive current is required. 

3e Show when an overloaded motor will ston: how started again? 

4, Show how speed of induction motor may be Kurxrkiedt varied by 
varying the impressed inf., by use of an external reactance or com— 
pensator on motor possessing high fixed armature resistaien. 

Se Show that power factor of the circuit, at full load of induc-— 
tion motor, remains practically unchanred with ordinary variations in 
the inpresses Emf. 

G6. Show that an induction motor mav be advantageously used in con- 
nection with a synchronous motor on same line, to raise power factor 
by synchronous motor performance as condenser. 

Te Polyphase Induction Motor. - Open one leg of circuit, motor in 
normal running conditions, and determine foilowing points:-- 

(a) Allow motor to slow Gown, by aponing line SwLiches, close 
the same, and determine point below which the induction 
motor, so operated, will not start up again. 

(b) Show that the same motor cannot be started up from rest, 
under these conditions, 


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DEPARTMENT OF BLEOTRICAL BNGINEERING. 
University of Tllinois.: 4, C, Schedule2ae 


ROTARY CONVERTBR WORKING, 


ee er ee oO a 8 A HA OP OD AM 4B OO EF AR OD OD 29 COB RD OT SS 


le of, OPeRalIGN all features of this work which are not in- 
ies sa Go chees bat tebe of operation, j 
Series A.» Rotary Converter Operated as a Dynamo.- See schedule 4(1,2). 


Av=1- ag Direct Current Lyname. 
4a,<2£- AS Alternating Current Dynamo: 1,€,or <phase. 
4.=c+ 4s Doutle Dynamo, D.C,. and 4.C,. Qutput.. 


Series b.- Rotary Converter Operated as Moter.- ‘See schedule 4(1,2).: 


b =j- as virect Current vietor, 
- AS alternating Current hoter. 


ceries C.= machine Onerated as a Rotary Converter. 


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4 


cthedule for each Series of Coeratians; 


I,-Illustration of Characteristic Features of Cperation. 
Il,-Bxeerimental petermination of Machine Characteristics.’ 
III.-pnxperimental petermination of Operating Characteristics. : 


series.-4,- 4-4,- As vouble Dynamo, examine especially: 


a eg julatg on brus and - by rheostat 
tay Bee 4 Of A ‘ RY nd b ¢ nee use ae ton Instruments at 
“pe ena: “Coinb are” WEE “Caden Voltmeter readings, 
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al 
(d) tne eased outcut, over that given by operating as a single 


peries 5.=-b-2. as Alt.Cur. motor.’ See Schedule,Synchronous Motor, 216.°: 


a ollow schedule. 215, for £2 one S-phase motor working. 
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or polyp ase Syne sronous workung: undér what conditions will 
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Department of Electrical Engineering. ~—— 
University of Illinois. , 
_ dele Bchedule 22, «2. 

Rotary Converter Working. 


Series C.- Operation of Machine as a Rotary Converter. 


C.-l.- As Birect Current Motor: Alt. Cur. Dynamo. 

(a} Examine starting conditions, polarity of fields, rotation. 

(b) Show that an inductive load thrown on A.C. side, weakens 
field and machine speeds up. 

(c} Show opposite effect, when synchronous motor is thrown--into 
service, to give leading currents, operating as a condenser 
on the line. die 

(d) Examine effect when induction motor is thrown on the rotary 

speed and field; on impressed Emf. of motor. 

(e) Show how to secure satisfactory operating conditions of the 
rotary, whether lagging or leading currents are thrown 
back into it, on the A.C. side. 

(f) Illustrate regulation of the rotary with lagging or leading 
currents on A.C. side. 


C.-2.- As Alt. Cur. Motor: Direct Current Dynamo. 
(See Synchronous Motor Working A.C. Schedule 215.) 
(a) Examine starting conditions, polarity of fields, rotation: 

(a) As induction motor; (b) Brought up to synchronism as 
D.C. Motor. 

(bo) Excmine effect of the performance of the rotary when lagging 
or leading currents are supplied: respectively: 

(a) effect on the speed. 

(b) effect on rotary fields 

(c) effect on D.C. voltage. 

(c) Examine "pumping" effects: 

(a) Show that "pumping" is practically constant, for all 
phases and for all loads, with constant field. 

(bo) Show that the periodicity and amcunt of pulsation 
varies with the field: leading currents increasing 
it; lagging.currents decreasdng it. 

og Show how to,obviate "pumping", by copper bridging, etc. 

(d) Show effects of line resistance and reactance on 


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(e) Examine effects of heavy and variable loads on rotary, as 
in Street railway working. Show how to build up D.C. 
voltage under heavy loads. 

f) Determine best operating conditions for unity power factor. 

¢) Show that the power factor remains practically constant at 
all loads, in case of shunt wound machines, underfest 
operating conditions. 

(h) Examime effect on regulation, power factor, etc., of compound 
rotary fields. 

(k) Examine to what extent compounding is desirable, unuer given 
conditions of rotary servic?. 


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Department of Electrical Enginecring. 


University of Illinois. 
A. C. Schedule 220.- A. 


ROTARY CONVERTER WORKING. 
1. As Direct Current Motor; Alt. Cur. Dynamo. Sec Operation of dynemos 
and motors, Lab. Schedule 4 (1.2). 

(a) Examine starting conditions, polarity of fields, rotation. 


(b) Show that an inductive load thrown on A.C. side, weakens field 
and machine speeds up. 


(¢) Show opposite effect, when synchronous motor is thrown into 
service, to give leading currents, operating as a condenser on 
the line. 


(ad) Show how to secure satisfactory operating conditions of the 
rotary, whether lagging or leading currents are thrown back 
into, it, from the A. CC. side. 


(e) Illustrate regulation of the rotar: with lagging or leading 
eurrents on A.C. side. * 


2, As Adty Gur... Motor Direct: Current. Dynamo. 
(See Synchronous Motor Working, A.C. Schedule 215 A). 


(a) Examine starting conditions, ,polarity of fields, rotation: 
(a) As induction motor; 
(bo) brought up to synchronism as D.C. Motor. 


(b) Examine effect of the performance of the rotary when lagging or 
leading currents are supplied: respectively: 
(a) effect on the speed. 
(bo) effect on rotary fields. 
(c) effect on D.C. voltage. 


(c} Examine the so-called "pumping" effects. 

(d) Examine effé€ts of heavy and variable loads, on rotary, as in 
Street railway working. Show how to nuild up D.C. voltage under 
heavy loads. 

(e) Determine best operating conditions for unity power factors 

(f) Show that the power factor remains practically constant at all 


loads, in case of shunt wound machines, under best onerating 
conditions. 


9 





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(a) QvOw ze eons sariagroton iad pase la ot eet 


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Department of Plect»ical Engincering. . i — 
UMLVeEroLe Oo” Lert e ‘ 
COMPOSITE BLECTRIC TRANSMISSION. AeC. Schedule 241, 
at sneet le 
References: U.S. Patents Nos. 645, 907 and 647, 741 to FP. Bedell. 
BL Wa & Iner., 35:970, 984; 30 June, 1900. ditorial 
and Art. "Copper saving in the joint transiission of 
direct and alternating cvurrentst. -- FF. Bédolle 


al oS +e . ; : 
eee fo transit erectricity by both direct and aliternatiag eur- 
rents at raintainec electrical pressure, over the sile sys- 
ten of conductors, and utilige either or both at any yoint 
OST tae. 


B) to arfoet saving in copper, for a conductor carrying given 
A.C. arpercs and sinylteneously an equal: D.C. asperes, has 
only half as ereat. IPR loss-.as though dt carried: arc A.G,° or 
1'D.C. equal in amperace to the sum, of toe siven D.C. and 

RCs Tho highest saving in copper or copper lon will be 

obtaines thon the D.c. if equal: to the virtual value of the 

AeC 


Essential Conditions: Seo Plate 49, 
1) The transforiicrs on the A.C. line mist have independent prime 
ary and secondary circuits. 


oo 


(2) The D.C. conductor to be connectod to neutral point of prin- 
arv so as to divide the current flow equally in opposite 
directions through the prinaty. By such adiffercntial arran— 
rénont.the D.C, coxerts no resulting magnetizing indiuence ea 
tne transcfortinr .olis. 


(3) Where DC. is to be taken orf. at. any point or the A.C. iine, | 
io is necessary to introduce tivo choking coliis, wound on sais 
iron coro of low resistenen and high self induction, to pre- 
vent any. aprreelablo flow of A.C. from one side to the other 
Or the line,but offering inappreciablo resistance to the Ds@. 
flor from th gafie: Lirio. This D.vCe has: no resulting mare 
netvizing efrect on the iron of: the cnoke colis, as it pagees 
differontially through ther; henee the D.C. does not. cffect 
the self induction: or choking action of the coils. (See 
Fig. 1, Plato 49,) 


(4) If D.C. is to b2 introduced ints or derived fron A.C. system 
at any point whatever, it shoul¢@ be at corresponding points 
Of Aw. HAtonti mk. A.C. mav Ginilariv be introduced into 
or dorived from aD.C. system at noints of cqual potential.: 


Y oVeyo covgiyerot Lon p*o* 

GMS fo SRG iRponey how GYGY LNSGG Vom oc oma Yu DELETION 
fivev ort.” %o CBCLTTSL TsecnT peg Zon @rHkite aba ; 
BLON worty ety ‘hepuy pe Oe: oN DEYLGLA arooR Case? Te Fe pe 


casos Pea ai Pd ase we Se el alter cd ’ i ‘ 
aoe Bs" reser ONSET ou on LAO- BTUs YSIS Cpe Lone Con" art ge 


ene pow cele od oxbyaruey feqen ‘gone y® Be etc 
LEYVCTSTe OF obors TOM OF fLorenyooyey TTe 29% poey bien 


csae B-T* Gharveron TOU 3% a sie =F —— = Tee arte 


asbbyh¢ 
{c) peo neewsua: omen me : mirit qixjabougaus OL aommes Cesar 
OMS HOTos moaxTNe? , 
ane Oo LiTus yreuatoroxnat yo ‘gopoutye sTq. uy ‘enucpihene: 
f¥O GallepROVNene covuauBeu Hb go nbevy? va Aernsy @eIfay Ty 
(Pp) Bh Aid bs gad batter erbby pay FpEonRy yo wre" TWEE” so 


: maw Geptaciey go spo stwoynenose os-85R0x ohotsprut. ge 
_pomuuryeu asosry i SPa0 his Bade TRag. vot. ony pret: itans 
tay apo y"o* ung pcr soreston o% inicio iar in or 


GeuOLGT CougTeroHe® 
| tees Ye WETS TB cee 


gpa Peqe of, STeeRuseyue Bar,* ale 

“PYITEh.O> YOLTATHC Gis of We,* ERO. ode Trve KTepenys oe eae 

He} SLUSURG eporyTy. ahs ey. uouu* | Bop. eyeau Suu >oaRte 
ANGLO. T°" Fa go po SURES a COrTon Goudy eTow {ay ser POO 

Lom sia gg? 

; Tihs pe TT1s6' een Th banorTes” —$2°¢. ayy? Te cougneper: 
a4 ey PA BTVET: couryie sox? oa ane'y®. LNG pud COMusIO POLE Of gH. Ei 
| esop DSTA OF F06 ¥*Q" eLcuayouTON TrYe? sng LeEgn ae | 
“QouNecR Odo furpey oz, ONO D*G*: CONGO FON CILLCL 


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fe 





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Bers. 






~ ease 3 at overas ton ‘OL te “SERRA Composite Trans. 


After the machine is brought up to synchronism and thrown into 
gsorvice arc a svrehronoun riotor; it riay then be operaved: 


(1) As synchronous converter,receivine D.C.,delivoring A.C. 

(2) it " Mt " feGe, " D.Gs 

G3 aa 2 noto# deliverins power at sane time. . 

(4) As compasitec machine, receiving both A.C. and D.C. and deliv— 


(=) 
e~ing powor at savie tine, 
Sec Rotarv Converter Working, A,C. Schedule 220, 


. Operating Characteristics of synchronous converter op- 
rated ag ao composite motor. Examine for the same seu of con- 
ditions as when game machine is operated as a double current 
generator; nariely, 





) Variable D.c. supply, constant A.C. supply. 
1) Variable A.C. supply, constant D.C. supply. 
} Variable but equal ‘% Ce 8fd- TG. supply. 

} Variabls but unequal, A.G.s and D.C. Ssipply. 


— 


ll. dompapdiaons oF Simple and Composite Electric Transmission. . 


(1) Compare the line efficiency and losses and regulation for 
each system of transmincion, with same total enersy de- 
Ti ¥arent by the. 2ine? 
fA) D.C. alone: (8B) A.C. alone; (0), D.C. and AsO, eee 
tLe, 
(2) Examine the relation of the voltages vals and A.C. of each 
Machine ond the line-in oach, case Bo-iland Bees. 
(3) Show that the voitage delivered to the translating device 


is not altered by introducing either Ase or D.G., 48°22 
Cane Aw 

(4) Show that equally good working may be had if tue A.C. and 
D.C. are obtained from independent sources, as differens 
machines, 

(5) Show that D.c. may be introduced at any point in tne A.G. 
lire and without interfering with its operation, may be 


taken from the same line at anv other pririt; also, that 
AwSie AV be. Bimnitarly See saterce. aQlons a D.C. Lane, 

and that in each case A.C. or D.C. or both may be taken- 
off nnd. UtLLiged ay any point bias such transmission line 
subject to the conditions earlier siven. 

(G) Show that "the total I°R loss of the resultant of these twe 
unlike currents existing simultancously in one cornea 
no nattor what thoir relative value muy be, is cqual to 
the sum or the tio losses which would bé occi..sidoned by 
the two currents existing separately in the same conduc— 
tor... "Or, each current undergoes a locs which is quite 
indenendent of the other presence and acts as though the 
other did not exist". 

(7) Also, that "the “* is true of the IR drops in voltage 
S00 UP BY the Tio. 27> io ae 

(8) Show that "to obtai:: ..e6 hignect savange cl : °nver or cop- 
per losses the diroct current Speule equal the virtue 
value of the alternating current. Oc 


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43 ASLTEPTo: peg shoe rox? ye" ud po eupbTa* 
43 ANLTEPTS pre odasy y¥°o* sug p°C”’ BabhTA* ) esis aa 
i) ATLTUPTS. ¥*G" andpTat GCOUuPSHE D°Q? BHwDTA* <a et 
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Apparatus, — Rurford (Lambert ) photometer (Palaz, Art. 18 - De a6 yo 





M70 candlos,. 


Place the two candles on table in fronts of seroen so that shadow 


frost fall approximately in the center of SCPrORI1, Drav No. 


away until the additional illwiination duc to it can no longer 


u 


Up Wake hVelaa sys 4s Read distances of candlos from sereen, - G4, Ge 
= hk 


Wivhout noving eandlo No. 2, brine up Yo. 1 from a distance ung 


the additional illumination is just discernibie. Read as before 


4 . 

CL - Cs 

los tO0 
Be A 


Take ac probable true readings (d, + d,) /8 = a, and (a! + at) 
g 1 a 

fhe sensibility S, is given by S$ = (d! #3 a)F 

Obtain five readings. Reverse position of candics and obtain 

Eave TroTs 

Get mean of the ten readings and apply least Squares.’ 


Tabulate resuits as beloz; 


7 
<1 
o 

oe 
ad 

. 

z 

* 

cits 66 





























. . . 
e . 
. s 
. . . . . 
° « . . . 
. . . - . 
: . . . . . 
a- . : . . . 
——— 
. . . - . . . 
. < 2 . : . Ps 3 
C2 Py 3 . . . . - . e 2 
C3 & © . * - ° . . - 4 
arr rire erat crease tearoom es dno nrc sac en eines oe ee haath annie cag moka 
. . . . . . . . . 
. . * . . . . ‘ * ie 
a] - . ° . . - - . ° 
edge . . . . « . . * 
sae a a a Ee ee ee ee 
. . . . * : . . : 
: * 5 . Fy . - . § 5s 
. . - . ° . . . 
ae : ‘ : : : : : rt 
eS eS ten patina inne se eu frst aprnssinuecisibiouasbenaeeniavsrserestutona-veshnaittsoeroieaennioe oem eee 
. . * . . . . - - 
° . - e * “c . ° . 
. . - . . - . 
Je . « ; PY y 
a tn nae 
® . . . . - . 
. . . . : . . . . 2 
= I = 
- r . . . . . . . < - o i} ‘i ; 
a gd . ‘ : : : : changed candle: 
SS TL TLC ECC CTCL CE COIS SAA ee Ett nn tanta i er ss inente ones ann nnpnsstneon—ssete sseinsns wighsiinsns 
- . - . . . . . 
‘ . ° ‘ . . . . 
a - - . . - . . . 
G . . . . . 
ent See es 
. ° . - . 
. . . . . 
ie) = : . . = 
Ye . - - - 
nr tw 
. . . . . « 
. . . + ° . 
“@ Ld .. . * = . 
*o + . . * . . 
Once ies tan . ey 
. . . . - rt 
. . . . : - 
eG . - . - * . . . . 
56. . . ° . . . 
_—---—_——— ee ———, dala 





mean ~ probable errors, 


Rie j 





a ie 


ve 


SUNSIBILITY OF EYE. photenetry ~ 801. I 
Page 2o 

Precautions. Candles must be placed directly in front of screen. 
Keep angles of incidence approximately equal. Take no readings” 
until candles are burning normally. Avoid disturbing the flame 
by sudden movements, atc. Keep door of room open when not 
actually reading. | 

Fach member of section must take one complete set of readings and 

fina §, 

Note:- Calculations are much simplified if ds and or are always 


unity. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 50. 
Teple of light Ratios for a 300-part Photometer Bar. 
This table (Plate 50) gives the ratios of test lamp to the stan- 
dera when the standard is at tho (0) mark and tho test lamp av 300. 
Trus:- If the standard is the Hefner Lamp, 0.87 candles, and tno 
screen stands at 124, the ratio is round by tho nite tO be 2.01 


and therefore: 
jie power of sest. lowip In 0.287 x 3.0L 2.76 Catia, 


If the positions of the standard and test larip are reversed the 
ratios will be tho reciprocals of those given in the table; or, 
they mav be found by subtracting the reading from 300 and looking 


in the table for that ratio given for the renainder. 





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. : yy ch 3 2 . .. 4 - { 


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apr pre AETwhe 20) cyadg Ue REpTUR oy pong Ted $0. 0 : 
(tspTo ot, 2atHr usetos hon. a Boom beng ‘Shoronagi Be ee 


seacieteaciamevees Gk PYLE. 20° 


meres esronrssz01 e19 unoy aniecetus sak cor pare 2 Oras 


a J » 





STANDARDIZING METHVEN SCREEN.  - Photometry ~ 802 
Sheet 1. 


Falag. ~ Arts. 77, 78, 60 — Standard Candles (London). 
Art, 96 + Methven Sersen,. 
APPARATUS. 


need Photometer Rar, Lumer - Brodhun Optic 


= 
3 
tt 
tT 
fe 
Hy 
@ 
©) 
ee 
e 


Test setting of buy ener for distance and height. Adjust c¢andle 
for distance ani. height. Tlluninants mist be 25 cin. from end of 
bar and in ilins with and on level with sereen. Lig ht candle and 
let it burn ten minutes. snuff to get proper neight of 45 mI 
est this with calipers, Set weights leaving candle e littic neavy 
end time when pvointes passes Zero Resét weights: (ie@Qx, take off 3 
29 ln if the.run is. to. be 10 min,). Adjust gas to proper height, °' 
(upper set of sights) and take rsading during the 10 min. rime end 
of run (i.ce., when pointer again passes Zero, ) 
READINGS 3 

1, Move screen away from candle until spe! disappears. Read (c,) 
2. Approach screen to candle until spot again disappears. * (d,) 
‘3. Turn sereen through 180 dsgrees and read again (G.,,44)- 
4, Then the probable true setting is given by. 


NA = fe cs. 
eat Foes Wou oD Secs 


\ fa, Aale Pe (de da) ee A 








af, Of readings: and from 
table get candle power of cach, assuming the candle to be one candle 


power. (Apparent c. p.) 





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Cth: ceaeen :- ae 5 ee ee : 

i eee Cas. Seat eee 
F ( bg 


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potas 2yn8 f sr yp Pe J ad In eee ae A _ E 
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re 





STANDARDIZING METHVEN SCREEN. PNO LOUSctly — Boe 


Sheet Be 
Corrections. From time of rtm (2.e. time pequirad to bien 26 23" « ) 
and weisht burned reduce the candie to trus on. The trne 3p. Is | 
irectiy proportional 45 the eongumption of svermaceti ir this ts 
within the limits of 114 and 126 er. per howr, Tf net. rua uest be 


made over again. Get mean of the five readings ané appivy ieast 


squares. 

TABULATE thus: 

SNOws Ga tO Ap. Cp: Tro Cp: Mean: mers. 
; : : PS Ses ee : : : : 








' PRECAUTIONS. 
If pointer on balance moves slowly netice whon edes of pointer 


comes just in line with edge of mark, placing the ous olnays dirsct- 
ly in front of yuinter. Watch gas carefully for. proper height. 
Avoid disturbing candle in any way except when necessary to snuff. 
Place all trimmings and drip in pan under cancie soaket. Read only 
when candle is correct height and burning guietiy. Avoid all draught 
and other disturbances, heave door oven when reading. 
REQUIRED, 

Hach member of section must take 5 sets cf readings. ~ Do not 
BVeraes readings made by different observers, Original sheet of 
readings must be handed in with report: and deacriptiocn of apparatus 
ywsed, for. first-time. 


NOTE, 


Practice reading with'the eyes nearly giossd, Resvlts will be 
more actvrate and there will be less strain on ths eyes, ‘The eyes 


must be shaded from all light except tnat of the sereen itself. 


‘.. 


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. BOGE” 2 ; : <a 


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pap WOMPEX ot, aeopFON mA fONS g RO LACT ‘neagrime* ~ pe ‘ae Pa 
_ ag. O36 Tragumpsusss” wets your be: ayes wegatye" 6 
_-Mpen agugye Te aousscs: PoysRy sug Samer arrsag cht waoyT esr: ¢ 
_bigee 87 SE TMTURE sur qT TH bess MGeR cour soaks» seine (0 
_ WaORG sragmpIwe eogre TH Uh #6) excebe APOU BeCoMIER pO: atl 2 












ga cred enone 9% Doyvpes* asroy Bae sone pra noe “peobem yoye ers 
“somes ‘ses Bo) Tqve. ATEy sake oy muxE! Davequt gy = ceed aax89 


boTwpos ou prrence WOAGE agers, se dust AIO, GUD ec bogngoh 
_ bumoviiazona” 










=) < 


he a nie a os i Ar Fi “.) ‘ 


Bs niin, aad AE 3} satek Ea : = 
Pipl wti-g eter eats He ch: ee aes 


seit + een Seana RIMES Sie:= 





é : : ¢ i < 4 e P4: a 
Pa oe A Mla SE EROS © iene Be ae 


| _ nan aay toon 6% ae tye nowg nite ce moa rons 





g ogee" eve oRETS. 42 ea4i8 out 


2 on pTus of sun (gter praia bee 
Me SOE a we oe: +2 






ee 


- 
7 
es 


- -—- GHARACTERISTIGS OF 50 VOLT INCANDESCENT LAMP. 7 


Photometry. — 8308, 
APPARATUS 


Krugs-Bunsen Photometer, Luamer - Brodhun Optical screen, Von 
Hefner Alteneck standard (Palas,, Arts 90-92, See also instructions} 
i-1/2 ampere anmeter - 75 Volt Voltmeter, 


PREPARATION. 
Connect incandescent lamp, armeter and water rhcostat in series 


on the storase battery. Connect voltmeter across lamp. Mark side 
of lamp torard sereoen. Adjust standard and lamp to end of photom- \ 


eter bar. 


? 


and adjust vo correct height using sights on sereen — The 
shadoy of Sifht must Fall on connre of spot. Test adjustment of 


standard. 


METHOD, 
Adjusting standard to correct height (See instructions) start 


with a potential across lamp of 55 volts and take a set of readings 
as follows. 
Move screen towards standard till the spot disappears. Read ds. 
Move screen from standard until spot dis sappears. Read Coe 
Turn sereacn through 180 degrees and read AEA Sas “4 Then the 
probable true reading will be given by \faq + ag 12x (1 de - alee =e 
Get ratio from table and using. value of standard given in ins Gee 
tions get C.p. of larip. Take readings at 55, 50, 45, 40, and 35 volt 


CURVES. 
Plot curves between (1) potential and cp. . (8) watts and ep, 


taking cp. as ordinates, and (3) watts per candle and potential, 
taking watts as ordinates. 


TABULATE 


I VE INAS Op et DO Oa ER oe ET, Maree ee ot cet Paes) a 
A A tn a a nnn 





‘ 





‘ eS RN ete Ren © 0 lh Oa en Nk 0 a ma ht wa Ce TT IN nn et ian sai) “oo aa ata i et eae Cad 
: . ° . 
- * i a * 4 “ * « ry 3 * 
j 3 ¢ 
See et ee 93: Qe 5 Sorte 4 oe 3 Res ert wtoge - 
cla mec em cc ea eee maaan ia te REE Np ANE rt ne NERO mom tart ary eee a ee 


LVEATV LE 
_poxyut ageee SB oLgIUETea" 
geKTVE ob? #2 on¢yussea’ ving (@} bates bol cavgye sug bopoustay* 


BIOLf ChRACS peraceds. {f) bagene¢rTey sug-eb*- () agefe gue 9b of 















é syous Gos athe o% Teub* sere ‘SesurTUte er op? 0° eo" 9° Ge a Pe 
% aes LeeyTe ELow gspye wy aeTWE asTaS o% epeugesg tyaeu qu vance 
= muopapre aad Lesgqyue ATIT ps SpAew pa /\2 :* @ \ax (a (eF *@ 22s ve 
a  amtss gonecH pusonts rg0 qea.ecn Sug Resy s€eTi- vs ee | ie 
. | “Rone soneou how epson faagay ahog gyavbbessut yosg gee 

= po acseatt onsaae, apouusnd eT fe eboe haiemeteoaal wos 


as, 
ee se ‘gorfones se 
| are g Borousrer ohons pmab oL 22 aoT ee sug sue a aor OL 266 ji 


yoymmriu® apengesa go comsocg wearer (ave unghie grows} epong 
_paoD* | es 


ePsugeng* Se igh 
7 on ertye mag LETT oO oeusgie oy see. peut Sy ]rguieue. OF 







pas. : #ug BC UF £o connec: per hye neyus aTipga ov aCLReR 
uo basen nex: 2007" Vainas a POUG Eng: guy ret bie oug OR 
coundos ‘ROT pHIOPO sorona. ai 


CHAPACTERISVICS OF 50 VOLT INCANDESCENT LAMP, 


Photometry. - 208. 


Ct ,& ie) 
Pe) cles eS iV) fn 


Spon oa. PORMILA. 
Substituts several values of cp- and volts taken from curve (1) 
above, in formula: cp s= C(V)* , and find values of x (i.e. with 
what power of the voltage does the candice power vary)- ¢ (above) = 
an unknown svonstant which varies with seach lanp., 
PRECAUTION, 
Read only when EMF. and standard are steady. Avoid disturbing 


flame of standard. Keep room ventilated. Do not keep lamp at 55 





volts long. Mey burn out. Start at highest voltage and come down, 
NOTE. 

Notice the difference in the tints of the jighte at higher voit= 
ages. This makes dcfinite readings difficult and is one of the 
disadvantages of this standard. Observer will find that he can 
reag nore accurately if the eyes are partially closed, Will also 
cause less strain, 

Original sheet of readings must always be handed in with report. 
The report must contain a description of all apparatus used for 


the first time. 


76 


Ty 
Yo tw 


Oe 

Z 

kee 

he 

rs “9 
a " 
ss ic 
3 #US L7LAL ileal a 


ape Bobous mag ooupszy 8 : semimaitiaiie ox oTT sisciets tice am . ' 

“qatruey apoee o% pial wong eTagAR pe peuqey TH ATED 3 
cues Tees epee’ - dee | Ps 
7 : bas! LOE soonmepeya Tt 4170 5 ohos ame ot oroeeq” sere 
. er cats o% ¢uya eeoiaeai _ opRenaon AG TT sila sree a 0 








notes Town’ Aes PIL onp: Beene TF wrMeay aOTaRES wig Cote Four 
| m= arom OL Bfaugesd eed BOO}! aaitey rey ag’ po = xeud To se ee 
Sah Biting ae ne sue aroun | gL podatsesaill : 


hy 


ars 


= oe 
“Ss 
ote Eve 


overt anton soci Leisiaf oxen r8 


om. a: 


REFERENCHS:~ Palaz. 73, 


£2 OR 
BO, oo 


APPARATUS. = “Bunsen pho tometer, -Hefner amp, ¢ 


LS fy ro 
C ard { He ; 


METHOD? GoMparieon candle. 
A: 


$995, abe he ates a i 
with Englisn 


PREPARATIGN: ~ Bdjust eandie and lamp 


pote bisa Tor ten minutes before making 


or lamp flane, snuff candle to get 

yer VWELeHtS On Polance leaving, candle -a 
when noinser passes zero. Remove 80 ers. 
poAnveyY passes Bure again. 


PRECAULET ON: 


lamp are bitrning normally and quic 


when necessary, placing ail trimmings and d 
summtion of spermaceti is not.within linits 


readings. as before, bringing 
a 
(ay) 


Take five sets 


away from candle, 


degrees and read d., Gye 
minutes. 


within the ten 


REDUCTION OF OBSERVATION: + TO 


MEA OL tee 


ote 


matical and ds; 
tJ 


(dj ¥ do) / 2a dt, 


Hi 


and of da and dy 


4 


ds) / 2 = a; 


mean of d! 


es et ee 
IGN teKe LoONsS oe at 


and o.% ~ 
of (ad) get ratio of lights 


the candle power of candle and of lamp. 


“STANDARDIZING HEFNER LAMP, 


ttt aaa iii 


Photometry. =—~S04. 


proper Nneignt oF 
Little 


from 


tly at proper heir 


71 2h ans 
turn s 
of-four. readings 


cet probable true setting take 


Gt foo 


Sheet 1. 


balance ard stan~ 


flame (45 tia. 


heavy, and time 


bean 


re eT ah 
elit 


tine wher 


during this time only when the candic and 


geht. Snuff 
If cone 


make a secong run. 


tne sereen, up to candle, 


reen through 180 


each 


ariti- 


ret From valuc 


and from consumption of spermaceti find 


‘x. 





c% (¢) Beg LEPTO OF y78¥ee sug Lnow covenmberoy of. cheonmscetT 27% 
ceo oare Segseraie wesy of Gg; gg Gg, - =< Gide qe BROW ATMO 
(93 ¢ gf) \ g ® ga! | 
gig ot g? sug q** Pit 

(af #95) \ 5 @ gi" 
WerTcsy wesy of ¢ ong g?? 


BUDACUION 0% OB2BUAVUION:- 16 Kop deopepre suite eereTue geKe 





2afPTy ine feu wy -uregon* . x tale Lire ; as ‘ 
“-gepsges aug soy git aoxe S7A9. gosh Ob omy aesgTuaR 530R 
5975, moar, neheou, Buca ERoW oouars" peaty: fab) _DOLeoL synontey 18 
sear ae acqziie oo Socal bi sa $300 boxoet a £0 ote 
ape seoosert braces. err sae 

oo To ae ane peg wORET TA epg dnzosy Lo es Dio! - ‘ae 
| buRavaRtone : bore nesgyute gu.que, PRTG g7u9, pcg aye. ee oeuaze om 
i, ¢ va yopirson Seon’ se BOLO gtsue : : 
s AeaR POT om. denaes Seo* » ‘youn. so ares sao poms ee 0 
= md a  nesauen poys6s eae. sangre s ate cages Gas eTa8, ‘i 
* | Mk TaUb Ereme’ cu, x 


geme Boe fo wquor0a peyons 0 wort wenurtes 


pee: 









tt: | 
aed 





t, = e + N a , « : 7 _ a eS. oe a + es: 7 
a eo a Pepe oy a oe i a ek. ro a ‘nae 
: ‘ Jan a: Pg 4 
oo " ae eae = ave 4) 
: ‘ . ‘ 


‘ 


Phovonetry, — 3804 
shest .2% 


TABULATE:— 
eT MN IN ee RS a aaa aa RE EY ET ORR TRE RET BOTs 
: No. : dy : do : a! ; Cg dy : qii : a: Ratio: 





LS ais — 


oyna oO ae eS ee aaa eee Ps oe wa sy ee 
‘fo, 2 Pirie, 2 Consurip. of: ‘Truc Gn. Of: Ratio. Cp. -or, 


< a a RS 


Apply least squares and find mean and probable errors ir per cent. 


REQUIREMENTS FOR REPORT:— Brief descriptio:. of work. Conplate 
tables with origina: log and application of least squares. 


Example. 
Ue Pies cy Wate 3 Sls 2 woe at Se a Ratio. 


1 2.168 2: Y60 FIS1 VASA LOL «bie, + 156.5 > 84 
2160 2169-1184 1158 216b.5- 3153.5 2257 A gi Oe 
A? G4 2265 2147 2148°1164.5 2147.5 ¢ LbG60 ry oi 
424359 2168 $151 1147. 9100.5. 7149 + hows) ; soe 
D TEP FES TAS oF 40th) bribes 7154.8 pated 


Time Con. Time: Rat.C.P.or Ratio Do.” 
sp ° C ° ¥ ° larip e) 
1 9245. 20 1,086 «34 -.66..,02¢ ~000196 
Pa 8216684 12084 -001156 
3 [Ones © See -9C0016 
4 aney 90° «0286 ~000GE5 
D poo. «20-4. .028 000655 
B74 
Mean Evror of Result = \|—3 ~ — +$0.01155 = 1.2% 
n( nei 
Prob, Erroz of Result=- +: 0.6745 eae “+ 0,0078 = .9% 
n(n=1) 


Prob Result — 0.8744 .008 


BLOM HOsNTS FO’ gat *009_ 


Se 


bROp* LLLOL or, youn se aA orcas? “|e = - o°o0se = Age 


| U aes Me 
_— ¥ d*orree = Tea 


Se nae 


fiaol Bahot of soeny x x Ea ii 


a "88 » 880. "O50. -*Oo0ERa 
< aes *88. “BG, "OBC.  *oo0ene 
3 re "92. “Gh *OOt  “HOOOTE 
ee, ee: oe Soe +o eae 
7 O°t2 SO Tose . "et -*ge “OTe . *o00TaC 


“y@ . 7 * ee 


og 


_ phe 4 
aro ‘gou* gino: BOS*C*S ‘ot, yEETO Be 


oF ser iToe ites : fee: yore | tee iyee*s ge 
# 2-700. 2703 (Tey 23a 1TGO"R 8T4a 1 FeetO. °h gg aa 
3. Jee :Tee : Tes 748 :7ce*e ETES*2 TROT ts ABP Sie 
QB": FOO :3¢2 cet i7os 3 Text STEMS UGTA M5 ARS 
ba Tes +700 :F2T 3798. Tere Sorep *Fee*n =. tee 
Gk. tan a <a ha ae Pee BaPTO" 

‘ExoubTe * wn . 


eepyce AaTey onyirus: TOR sug ehbdrrose FON; ot Teaser abrioraiss 
ia LOL, ‘BEBOWL:- BLTOL qovorTbeyo:: o%, anee* CoMnTE2e 


vODTA Toone ndisutoe oug wr Louw auc buopoprs anLoxe Th ‘Dox ooiig® 





“Photometry. -— 305. 
Sheet 1. 





REFERENCES:- Palaz, Art. 31. Nichois 11. pages, “is, 228, 221. 


APPARATUS: ~— Queen photometer, Ammeter, reading 11 Am». Voltmeter, 


rau) 


reading 75 volts, regulating rheostat. 

METHODs— Comparison with the Mcthven ecreen, 

PREPARATIONS:- Place lamp in series with ammeter and regulating rheo- 
Stat across storage patteries, connect voltmeter across lamp. Make 
connections so as to have all instruments and rheostat close to the 
standard light (The Methven sereen). One observer then has complete 


i> 


control of all apparatus. Test setting of lamps for distance ana 
height. Mark side of lamp towards screen. 

RUN:- Start with voltage of 50 (do not go SBdee thie) and reading, 
at 50, 45, 40, 88, and 80 volts, of current, voltage and candle 
power, 


READINGS:—- Take readings as before, bringing screen up towards lamp 


(d.) moving sereen avay from lamp (do). Turn sereen through 180 


U 


) 
degrees and read as before (da, d 


4)* 
PRECAUTION:— Read only when standard is correct height and burning 


quietly and voltmeter is steady. 


(on 
re) 
Gtk 
cfr 
= 
xt 
es 


REDUCTION OF CBSERVATIONS:- (1.) To get probable true 
arithmetical mean of dG, and d,, (d, + do)/2= a! 


Then of G5 and dys, 
= ae . ae W 
(do + O4)/ 2.2 .d", 


Then get geometric mean of d! and a", did" = qa, 

(2) From the value of (d) get ratio of lights end from candls pow 
er of standard get true candle power of lamp. 

(3) From ammeter and voltmeter readings find watts input for each 


BeMePe 1G 


ey 


| enh" | da 
{3) BLOW BhIFofek sig aoTPHore. Lovqrohe LIeg Aes¢s TUbNE Lon esey 
6% OF efesvges¢d Yer fire cuugTe Doo, oF Tewh* 


(5) Rhon gro agtits OL (G) ten Ragy7o OF TTefa ONY LLOM GELGTs Bede 


gEvow op Keawerrys wes of gy Sud qa’ GiGg a G* 
| (q? + a" )\ 3 > Get 

ire ot a” euy g¥* | 

eaTLUBCL TORT wesy of, af eve ¢ 3a cat 4 ‘dies @ a, 


GES 


WUPAOLION Oh CBREBA YET CHa: Cy* ) 1a Gog ps adh cre eorerat gay 
aoqoeT’. oug AOTSuIOgeE To ageoga* a aii 
BUEOVAETONT Ome QUTA: myers vpstiveng re. ‘eouxeee ¢ porte SU: BERT 
gatiecs og 290M gr pagers a ar | Ses ey 
a @) wonTHe poxeon oneh tom you (@)- > jaar eeRoew aii Teo : 
| = mere pais att lances poquteye sek is tong —_- oa 


se ae e eo" SM sug 30 noise! og onmeaxon 5 E apagiite a comse 


“ eeeny are aoTpate o% 29 (go MOR Go stati eee), ug sosgruet 


\ 


a _ perie? ASR S7G0 OL Ta onsEge "acROGH” 
 eonez0T (98 1) eabanseme aber sesezuh ox 





a 


Photometry 305. 
Sheet 2, 


(4) From watts input and candle power find watts per candle power 
for each E.N.F. 

(5). From ammeter and voltmeter readings find resistance of lamp 
for each E.M.F. 

CURVES: - Plot curves between (1). Candle power and E.M.F., ( candle 

power for ordinates). 

(2). Watts and candle power (Candle power as ordinates. 

(3). Watts per candle power ani candle power (candle potrer as ord:-- 
inates). 


(4). Ohms and current (Current as ordinates). 





TABULATE:— 
adel ce Paste gether ye on ere ee 
; No: dy : do ; om ; dey ; dy . a" 3 a ratio Users : 
ms 4 
Tahle NO. 2. 
Hos =< VOLES ? Atinse 2. Werte, 2... Che, > Natta. 2. Candte« | 
. 4 : 4 : : yer >: power 
candle 


| 


REQUIREMENTS FOR REPORT:— Description of the Lummer Brodhun sercene 
Brief description of the work. Complete tables with original 10g. 


Curve sheet with the four curves drawn in ink using curve rules. 


&0 


yo 


GMbAG BNeO ATHY fe Tonn cimace URS TH TUK sOTVR CULAG BiyeR® a 
BLTOL geaonrbrTou of fe aoLK’ doubyego peprer arsy onr ervey yoe* 
BREGIMENEMI2 LOW. MEBOS:~ pesoxaberes OL fe Patmen puogwmy sence 






















- 
. 
. 
: . 
. 
° 
» 
cd 


(es #e gubec 


. 
— 
4 
° 
* 
* 
. 
7 


: dex » bowen 
+ ae : 





‘ail 
-.) oS eee 
; ea _ 


ia ay some ons emsteny (omaoue os sseriveeey” 








DISTRIBUTION OF CANDLE POWER ABOUT AN INCANDESCENT LAMP. ™ 


Photometry 306, 
Sheet 1. 


References, Nichols, Pp» 214 - 217. Palaz, Ps. 209. 


APPARATUS 4° Queen Photometer, 2 Voltmeters (ranges: 0 - 75, 0 - 150), 


.-2 Regulating Rheostats, 


METHOD. Measure candle vower in different directions by compar-- 


ing standardized incandescant Lamp adjusted to give 10 cp 


DREPAHATION. Place standard lamp in fixed holder. Gonnect to stor 


age batteries through regulating rheostat, attach 0 - 75 
Voltmeter across standard lamp. Set and keep E.AM.F. | 
constant at vroper value +o give 10 cp. Connect lamp to 
pe tested through a reguleting rheostat to storage bat= 


teries. Set and keep E.M.F. at normal vaiuc. 


READINGS. Take readings of cp. every 30° azimuth on each of the 


following horizontal circles:- Horizontal, 30° above and 
below; GO° above and below, and one reading, each, 908 


above and below. 


TABULATE, 


hongitides: 6 : 60 : 60 + 90 = 1862150: 180:210:240:270: 300: 830:S66 © 


“60 


90 


_... abuiate mean cp. for each direction as_ below 





























| one reading only here.| "oe aa Go ee 

r caolest hy eet & = So Se eee | eee Wee ena pa vee: 
| | i | i | | | 

: | | wei, 4 | See eae 
o le i 

















a 
Oné readiug only here «| | lL 


S| 


4 <<" 
% i > 
> _ - | Sari ~ 
i) - a bt3S 4 i ’ 5 i. a J j : 
: : oe ; 
? : fom ; i e : 
i de é : 7 - 1 
eo ae | 4 
‘i } : i - to 
29 hh 
at - Z 


© 
ae 
: 
a 
; ‘ 
Se. es 








ov : 
> ; 

eo ; . i i 7 - 

F : , 
: 7 one : mn 
Bo i Ge 2689 Rm OU Gd 5 : i : 
‘ , : j { i \ | 
oot —= we - + ° = seen ena _ - oF ee - ~ Ses. at ne tee ~ neat 
SSfGGOE: QO. BO: 80 5 po 3.3305 ‘ 


TAPAS OHS ae peo: Sos pista: erie ia i eyou : 

SVBOIVED:* mer ars F 
Bpoas oy pasoa”, 

; PEJOM? CO, Bpore oug Pare: se, suis Rewaziit’ euasit 
LoyToaTVe vorrscrper ort@y eR patisoiter” S05 


eros” tere LovTTee at ne onc a0, etqmngy ou gay oy 


re 
re 






ae 









= goxzon® Bet sg gq Keeb y*W?*s* $e venisy angio" 






; 4 
Age De sonteg swnaney © bofityceTus speoaerss 7O agetsta 


¥ 





a 
ae 
mir 


TLuses ge Diober AgyNe fo Syae YO ch* goyvecs j 









aby #190405. roncay useugeny yamb* ges sug Keab ony 


} gs parrany as. tisonty Lots ust vpeoese gt 1¢2Sop yO. 
ee : 





. 










it" bie Hens Tush gy yrxeg poxgen* CME 
oe Bemaerazacg igeuge sed ao Riker 2 





aan aoe 
baie 


Photometry. - 306, 
Sheet 2. 


CURVES. Plot on polar coordinates curve showing distribution in 
ti% horizontal plane; (2) the vertical plane through Pila- 
ment shanks; and (3) in vertical planc normal to plane of £ 
shanks. 

REQUIREMENTS FOR REPORTS, Brief description of work, above table 

| complete, three curves and original sheet of readings. 


NOTE, By making connections as shown below the work will be much 


facilitated and slight variations in E.M.F. will not affect 











results. 
| Lamp phat 
Voltmeter « under Voltmetex¥y) () standard 
Test Mets Lamp. 
£ nL EN Phe a3 Se 2 ne ee ie 
First V aananahit Ns 
Regulating : Regulating 
Rheostat,. - Rheostat. 


The Second Regulating Rheostat is. set once for all, and eis 


regulation is effected thereafter by the first rheostat. 


LA 








CHARACTERTSTICGS OF SERIES INCANDESCENT LAMP, 
Photometry, — 8307, 
APPARATUS « Bunsen Photometcr, Standard Lamp, Ammeter ( range 0 ~ 15) 
two Voltmetors (range 0 - 30, and 0 —- 150, two Regulating Rheo- 
Stats, ono with capacity of 6 amp. 
METHOD. Measure candle power for different currents y corparison 
With standard lamp. 
PREPARATION: — Connect standard lamp to storage batteries through 


rive 10 ep. and 


uw 


regulating rheostat. set at proper E.M.F. +o 
Keep constant. Connect series lamp on 40 Volt battery circuit 
in series with anmeter (0 - 15), and regulating rheostat (capacity 


OT G amps}. Attach Voltmeter (0 - 830) across terminals of serics 


READINGS. Obtain a series of ten readings for different veluc: or 


currcnt up to 5,5 amp. Read ep., Amp. ,,ond E.M.F.. 








TABULATE., 
Pe peal 2 eee PR Se ic aa eS eee =... eae 
owl ave a. we * te POT ho W2..0D oot EME: .Wattsaie Rests 
eee eS pe 


PRECAUTION. Do not carry current above 5.5 AMP . 


CURVES. Plot curves between Cn. and Current; Cp. and Watts: Watts 


x 


. 


per Candle Power and Current; and Resistance and Current. Take 
for ordinates Cp., Watts per Candle and Resistance. 

REQUIREMENTS FOR REPORT:— Brief description of work and discussion of 
results, complete table, sheet of four curves and original sheet 


of readings. 


OL LesgTuba’ 


heantTge’ combrore pupys* eyecr OL Lom ONLAGe BG oLTlyugy noes 


SECNIVERELGG BLOG BBLOBL:~ BLTOL GeecL~ThsyTou of ACLE sy Grecraaypem OL 


‘Lon ongqyusres ope? agepe ben qeygye sua yeerersuce* 


bea qsugtS LOmen Sug QL LeNEt sug poaTarenues gy OffRReL EL * LOK 


ChBAES" ETOP CHLAGH pepacey Gb" sug GnLsout. QOb* suqd pmerpre: Ashes 


PURGVAZION* PO Wop CSLLA ofitneny gpoac o*D yuh 


* 
. 





avearvan’ — : | 
emote ab 70 BYR wu  yesg ch” yibe* NG Binh" > 
WKEVDINGE® peste g eenren a feu nowgyTuse 2On Grenencare so pase2 ox. 
youh* 3 ae | | ay | —e 
one OM ie sorte p0% {0 --80) gonoga pemsquuys ae 
yu BeLzoe Arey wimeses (0 - Te)? sug LewITseTUE LyOoETES (cobgoy ga 
_ Keeb coupe” gouuess BoLzee yew ow to sore pERPOLA orsenys 
: nekaTe sul uconess* ase cr puobes g°ri"h" +0 &yas. To ob pe ; 
B iiviasiet!- ~ gomtecy agouqosa fod ig agoxete poreontod 2 oH a 
a are ersuteng Taube hs pees : a 
ag aa wovere: sougys badex tox s areaonaue onasouee ph oouweno%u 


eg Paes —- 
’ 


bs vepuge’ ¢ cue mTey eabsor sh o% e enh 7 neg Ae 2 
i. - se 1 piso “noTeuerons 0 neue ° - Bot sug o - - T20° fue yotererme 0d 
3 VBBYYENS" ‘peasy ‘progome ron! aeeaeed Pet yumepo ( saute o- o 32) 






= : ‘ eee eo on 
Se a 
ae cunrarscl os ob Sted + muowanssce a . a 


omens 
sap a. “i ss at i 





aed 


koe 


i no cis ss. cw sr tt —- 


Sheet 1. 


REFERENCES. Palaz, Dp. 17-24. Nichols 11, pp. 215 and 216, 

APPARATUS. Queen Photometer, tio Voltmeters and Regulating Rheostate 

METHODS, (1) From readings obtained in expdriment 306 find mean 
candle power for each latitude and substituting these values in 
the following formula find mean sphé6érical candle power. 


H.S.C.P. =. 
~/8in 80 — gin 0 Sift anes Sin 80 


; LiubeS) ith ; (Ig - 18) 


























gh 8 : ae © r 2 
8in 90 ~ sin 60 Bit, sO B%1-32.0 
‘Ig - 1! Co Tk a ee 
F | (13 - I) ; Se eae) 
sin 820°- sin 300 sin 300° sin oN 
aiiotinaner ia entranced aa hee S Et = Ti 


(po) Fix don in revolving holder and drive by snall motor. ‘Reet 
ing potential constant at normal value take readings of can-- | 
dle power in the following directions:- In the horizantal 
plane, 30° above and bolow, GO° above and below, 90° above 
and below. 

Substitute in above formula for mean aus 

(3). Take readings of candle power, as follows; (See Nichols, ) 

Mean of four ~osaghirre at intersections of V. circles, (N pole)1 
Four measurements on each of the vertical. 


oO 
'OR00: Vee 8, 


—— 


circles 0°and 90°azimuth, at 60°, 120 
Four measurements on each of the vertical 


a) O 
circles 0°, 45, 90, 135° azimth at 30° 150° 210° 330° y -16 
SLi 


soy 
SYROTOR » Bi ¥P,, 00, T3264 SRTuNPY we 30, T20 ‘, 8103 3300, A “30: 
 ¥onk Mogpmsomogpa oO evop OF PHO AeLLTOWT 


iRoyee O,ONT BO SSTIUTEN’ GF GO,’ Tg) BOO LAT mmm 


ner 
i= 


Ons MesanLcwoupa ou esop oF FG AcLPTSST* 
“ORY of Lom. nesqrpie ve TupeLaecsToMR OF A° avisinn® (74 oe 


{3)" ue8Ke zosayuRe of esugye bosex* ge Loyyotse: {goo yyopoyat }. 








ansertTt¢age JH Gpoae LoLmnys Lou mMegy sb* 

+ sEg peyoa* | . | 
, - preue* 80, Spoae sug pojTom* @O, Spore sig peros? 30, spons 
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Photometry. - 308. 


Sheet 2. 
Twelve measurements 30 apart on equator —------—--~-----— 12 
One measurement (zero) at intersection 
of vertical circles, 270 V. (S pole). ee 


Find Me Se C. P. by taking average of above readings. Brier 
description of work. | 

REQUIREMENTS FOR REPORT. - Values of M.S.C.P. engin be en Oe tbe 
above methods as may he assigned, tabulated readings, original 
sheet of readings. Discuss the comparative values of the above 


methods. 


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REFERENCES. 
APPARATUS. 


METHOD. 


READINGS. 


FORMULA. 


USE OF LENSES. me 
Photometry. — 309. 

Palaze De 54 et Seq. 

Bunsen Photometer, lens of known focal, Voltmeter regu-~ 

lating rheostat and high candle power lamp. 

(1) Competre Lemp with standard directly. 

(2) Place lens between lamp and sereen and compensating 
glass plate between standard and screen and measure 
candle power of lamp for different position of lens. 

Take readings of candle power of lamp (keeping voltage 


constant) for thrse positions of each of the three lenses 





d w= distance from lamp to sereen, 


dt— "  gtandard to screen. 


a = n " lens wv ff 


p " ti lamp tc lens. 


ft 


£ = ‘focal dJeneth of lens. 


REQUIREMENTS FOR REPORTS. - Brief desoription of work, compare the 


values found and state which you think are the most accurate giv— 


ing reasons. Tabulate values of candle power found thus:- 


fe eo 88 


° 
2 3 + CDs 


Sb 








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OPTICAL EFFICIENCY OF AN INCANDESCENT LAMP, 
3 Photonetry 310. 
REFERENCES, Palaz, - p. 862, Nichols. YD. 322. 
APPARATUS. 0- 75, Voltmeter, 0 - 1-1/2, Ammeter, Thermometer, glass 
jars 
METHOD. Calorimetric:— Fill jar with known weight of clear water 
and determine the temperature. Introduce lam» (in a wat- 
er proof socket) into water, noting time. Keep. E.M.F. and cur— 
rent as constant as possible, Do not stir water except just be- 
fore taking a reading of temperature. 
READINGS « Keep log of readings as shown below; - make three deter- 
minations, one each at 40, 45, and 50 volts, or 90, 100 and 110. 
REDUCTION OF OBSERVATION:- From E.M.F. and current find total output 
in Watts. From rise in temperature and weight of water find 
BoT.U. (heat output = W'). Reduce ae later to Watts = We 
Then W- W, = W,= Watts light output and 


W%= Optical Efficiency. 





W 
LOG. 7 
- Tame: Vout. i Ap. Watts: Venp.? Watts: «Watts * Ont. were: 
: Pe | Bee jheat_: Light <.).w./W°: 
re SUN a ee eed 


‘poy 4 
REQUIREMENTS FOR REPORT, - Above LOG, complete, for thzee values of 


Eee! « Discussion of results and of the method of obtaining them 


Original sheet of readings. 


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REFERENCES. Palaz, Sec. 144, 145, 147. Wichols 11. Nap. 4, Pe ease 

APPARATUS. Kruss-Bunsen Photonoter, Bunsen Screen, Lens and Revolv- 
ing mirror, 15-Amp. Ammetor, two 150-volt voltmeters, standard in- 
candescant lamp, arc lamp, and regulating rheostats. 

METHOD. Place are lamp in a plane normal to photometer bench 
through centre of mirror, set mirror to desired angle and adjust 
arc vertically until the oval reflector is concentric with sereen 
and are known constant distance fro mirror. Keep u.M.F. and 
current constant at | during experiment by adjusting 
water rheostat and length of arc, See that lamp is burning prop- 
eriy ¢ at toDj.« 

READINGS. Set screen so that the two sides appear eauvally illui- 
nated and read (ds )s reverse screen and find new setting (d,)e 
Then d =xfay doo Find three values for d for each point of are 
and take mean. Find candle power every 20° above horizontal (1.6. 

when are is below), in the horizontal and evory is below the nor. 

CURVES , Plot on polar co-ordinates angles and candle power. 

ALE 0ue. Substitute in the following equations and take i/s sum as 

M.S.C.P. c 
For upper half: 0.250 (I, = I, )0.183(T, - ra 0.067(I., - ak 


For lower half: 0.129 (I, ~ Ip) 0.120(1, - I ) 0.108(I, ~ Ty) 


a 

“p 06079(T, - L.) 0.05 (I, - T.)+0.017(T, - Iy) 

APPROXIMATE METHOD. Substitute in the following formula (Palaz 240) 
and compare result with that obtained above. 


Mob. CoP Se HH M H = Horizontal Intensity. 
2 4 M = Maximum Intensity. 


REQUIRED IN REPORT. Tabulated readings and values, curve sheet,M.S.C.F 


(both methods), original sheet of readings, discussion of work. &&. 





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VARIATION OF LUMINOUS INTENSITY OF AN ENCLOSED D.C. ARC LAMP 


WITH THE INCLINATION. . Photometry. - 312. 


APPARATUS, Bunsen Photometer, Revolving Mirror and Lens, 15-Amp. Am- 
meter: two 150-volt Voitmeters, Standard Lamp, Regulating Rheostat 
and Enclosed Are Lamp. 

METHOD. Proceed as in experiment 311. See that the lamp is burn 
ing properly and that current and voltage are constant during 
experiment. : 

READINGS. Take three readings for every 15° in the vertical plane, 
from 90% above to 90° below the horizontal. 

CURVES. Plot on polar co-ordinates angles and candle power (using 

for candle power the mean for each angle). 

REQUIRED IN REPORT. - Tabulated readings and original log, Curve shect 
and a brief comparison of the relative advantages of open and en- 


closed arc lamps as shown by this and the preceeding experinent. 


- 





a 





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“VARZA ION OF, LUMENOUS INTENSITY OF AG. ARG LAMP WItH THR INCHINALTON. 
| | Photometry. ~ 313, 
“REFERENCHS. Palaze. Sec. 152. 
APPARATUS q Qu6071 Phote etor and Revolving Wolder, Lens, 15d. 
Ae Co Amoter,. 156 car As Co Yolimeter;. 150-Volt b, ¢. Voltmeter, 
“Standard henp and. Reguiat ting Rheostatss 


eriops, AA just temp for proper distances and are for height. ; Se 


_ 


earbons vertical and note angle. Revolve lamp in heider to de~ 
sired angle. <X Keep current at 8 Amp, and voltege at, 95 Volts | 
auring experiment | 
‘READINGS. | take three reacings for every 15? in the vertical plane, 
_ from 90° above to 60? p alow horizontal. 
CURVES. Plot on polar co-srdinates angles and candle powée (using 
Yor candle power mean foreach angis )o 
REQUIRED In REPORT, : ablated readings and original ‘Jog, ourve sheet 
and a brief ¢ mp vison 02 As Co and D. Go ares: as shown by this snd. 


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Department of Electrical Engineering. ™ — 


University of Illinois. 


Abbreviations. Titles of Periodicals. 
A.E., or Am.El.---- American Electrician. N.Y. (m) 
AeIsE.B. ---------- American Institute Electrical Engineers. Transactions 
Am. Jour .S¢.---=---- American Journal of Science. New Haven, Ct.. (m) 
hohe ka Ss »F OT 

Am.Assn.Proc.---- American Association for the Advancement of Science. 
Comp. Rend. -------- Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. des Sciences. Paris. (w) 
Ec. Hl. -~----------- L'Eclairage Electrique. Paris. (w) 
El.Engr.----------- Electtical Engineer. N.Y. (w) 
B.T., 2. ------------- Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. Berlin. (w) 
BoWe -------- Electrical World. N.Y. (w) (01d mame) 
EW. & E.---------- Electrical World and Engineer. N.Y. (w) 
Lo Eo --------------- Electrician. (London) (w) 
L.H.R.------------- Electrical Review. (London). (w) 
Jo.Pel,--S<=-------= Journal of the Franklin Institute. Philadelphia. (m) 
JoleoE.H.----------- Journal Institution of Electrical Engineers. 
J,SoT.H. ----------- Journal Society Telegraph Engineers. (01d name) 
Sc. Abs. ----~-------- Science Abstracts. London. (m) 
Sib.Jour., or 

S.J.H. ----------- Sibley Journal of Engineering. Ithaca, N.Y. (m) 
Tech. Quart.------- Technology Quarterly, Boston. 
Phys. Rev.--------- Physical Review. N.Y. (a) 


Titles of Books. 


Abbott.------------ Electrical Transmission of Energy. A. V. Abbott. 
Cr. & Wh. ---------- Practical Management of Dynamos and Motors. 
Crocker & Wheeler. 
Fleming. ----------- Electrical Laboratory Notes & Forms. J. Aw Fleming. 
Jackson. ----------- Alternating Currents and Alternating Current Machiner 
Byer . ds "Ps Saeesons 
Nichols.----------- Laboratory Manual. Vo. II. E. L. Nichols. 
Palaz.------------- Industréal Photometry. <A. Palaz. 
Par. & Shd.-------- Shop and Road Testing of Dynamos and Motors. 
Parham & Shedd. 
Stime.------------- Photometric Measurements. W. M. Stine. 
Thomp.------------- Dynamo-EHiiectric Machinery. S. P. Thompson. 
Thomp. Poly. ------- Polyphase Blectric Currents. S. P. Thompson. 


90a. 


aog* { 


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VEPAaAsLIcIte OL LBL6C shes L1CGL DBIUYLUvGSL Lilie 
University of Illinois. — 





Reference List. 


Study of Electrical Machinery and Appliances. 

Thomp, Polvphase, 81, 88-94, 97-99; Nich. 8, 30; Par, and 

Shd. 250, 260. . 
Inspection, of Machinery and Appliances. 

Aclole Bs +220 0898. 22+ 5-800; Abbott,¢ @ 241, 248, 249, 256, 258, 
ASvy 2645 Nichols 8; B89; Flem. Lab. Notes. Nos. 29, 34; 
Par.and Shd. pp. 148; 151, 152, 200, 240, 242, B72, 466; ; 
Thomp. Oth Ed. 752, 172, 73-777; Am. El. 8 ¢ ‘232, Nov.96, 

8 : 265,Dec '96, SB tig"vs-Dec. '96, 11: 417, Sept. 199; EW. 
digest, 31 : 365, 19 Mech, 1985 EWE. Digest 85 -7° 225,10 Febe 
$004 E.W.-E, 32 £ 40%, Apr. $90". We PGZer 22. 92 864° 11 Jan.'00; 
Letelieg@eo Feb. 198. 

Illustration and Demonstration. 

Flem. Lab. Notes No. 80; Nichols 45; Par. and Shd. 242 : 3; 
Ei, Sne@. 28°" Sil, -28 May 198. 

Operation of Flectrical Machinery and Appliances 

EeWe BVoo 57, Lix-den. *90% 

Calibration of Tleetrical Instruments. 

Abbott 278-9, 28R-4, 285; Flem.Lab. Notes No's. 5, 13, DOs 
26, 36; Jack. 188-185; Nichols, 196, 200; EeW. Tt. 34+ 
305, 26 Aur. *99; Phvs. Rev. G : 257, 198% 

Meas surenent of Armature Resis stances 

Abbott $ ¢ 256-257; Flem. Lab. Notes NO. °22%--Nichois 71. 
Measurement of Field Resistances. 

Nichols 71 
Operation of Dynamos and Motors. 

Cr. and Wh. 52-58, 105, 108; Nichols, 28-31; Jack.3813-820; 
Par. and Sha. 231, 237, 262, 288, 290-2, 297, 320, 400, 471-6, 488; 
Thomp. Gth. Bd. 78, 226, 287, RAG, "238, "67; Thomp. Polyphase, 
B11-R202° An... Bl. 10 531, Dec, 198; E.W. 3E, 38:711,27 Ma ay 1905 

Magnetic Determination, Leakare, Waste Flux. 

A oI.E.E. 16 : 481, Oct. 693°" J,leheMs 216.6: GL74 789, 29 G 138, 

Fop<s 2005°°SR8.9.8. 15°4.551; Jackson 232-34: Nichols 67, 
70: Thomp.Gth. Ed. 150, 151, 15d, 155). Bs. 29 Poss, 12 Jan. 
192; °R0-: 180, LF Sent. 02-6°R. 162.918 7°67; 6 bebe 84 : 424, 
sO VEOR RSs tA Deel tye; 42°: al4, 8 Dec. 199; 23 ; Lad, 1 7seme 
1860 SEE. Roeso : 467, 1e9s Tech. Quarts 4:2 205, 3 -Oct#oue 

Electrical Characteristics of Dynamos. 

Nichol4 14, 15-17, 20, 838, 85, 87, 79; Thorp. 6th. Ed. 184, 

106, -208,. 205, 207, 210, 215, Mate. Coo, eles 
Coupling Direct durrent Dynamos. 

TePe py 14ee° $0200, Mal 2977 Os CPs ane. Wh. 50-51, GO-61; Par. 
and Shd. 246, 298, 300; Thom. Cth. Ids 766-7: EL. W. S2i2220, 
Feb. '98i LVELR.°40+:°6540,-16.Apr. ‘97. 

Compounding Machines. 

Cr. and Wh. 55-56; Nichols 84, 85; Par, and Shad. 327-8, 
320-2, 823, 339, 398; Thomp.Gth. Ed. 239-41; Am. El. 8:249, 
Nov.!96; 8:170, Sept!96;¢: 283 Dec. '96, ll : 575, Dec.'99.« 


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ede id t 2a" FT Isw ,oe* if : 
t opener ou ot ETeopureoy NEGVIVOLA gHYy jernes me ae 
vio! ME Bee? Sb t+: B77" Ts "SA 19g". ‘ina 
_ | Brems' psp? Yosea fot go? roto ts. py. -_ bes aba Bie: * “- 
"3 ITTwaphesrou gnuq. Denowepsseyour 
Bo eo Ere Se Bent 103" 
9007 -B*y2- ‘335 #05? vbs- 199! Bi sty ST : ag? TT asu 
z $s 900" geo “3ee' To WeB" 198° E*A*-E" prteep A Beet hE Lep* 
| @ 2 sep pes 1ae? @: gap! “Des? He YT 2 €7h- eebp* +199! 
si toe Rg* es Ass" ee Te as gots ge 


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yen. ma - : he el fe nt RENT Re eee wis vee many meee we SA See a a 
University of Illinois. 2. a 
Reference List. 


Ag Stray Power Determinations. 
Al sWols 17 B19 Apri O00... Oye Bnd Wi. 1056108, ile-lio, 
Wich, 20, 94, 87, “405° 44 Jack. 227-8, 228-200; Par,and sha. 
419, 2a3, 488: Ate wl. 5 SAOt. OOt. POY: Vann Bia, Nove "OG 
bi ¢ ippermeel tp Meh!983 222 So. wurde sat ¢ Bi5, Nove ?99¢ 20 
562, Dec, 09; E.W. 20 - 13842 EYP ts 20~72037218, 380, 397, sg 
(oh. PGi GOIH=FOO, -PO-Apr. TELS Ro. 319, 2 july’ 105; *, Sere 
Abs. 1430; Sept. *99; L775, Nov, '29; 1776, Nov, '99. 
10 Efficiency Deterninations. 
Cy, and Wh. 108-110, 112-115; Flem. Lab. Notes. No's. 17, 18 
99: Flen.69, 72; Jack. 285-6, 254-5, 375,377; Nich. oa 
40, 428; Par. and Shad. 284. 433-8, 483; Thorp. 4th. Eds YIO= 
791. “Phorp. Oths Eds 107; 108, 185, 188) ~289, “298, «7538-593 
Rie Bio eee Berto 197: Me 359 sept!97,7: 401, Oct. 197; 
%; £03 Nov. *O7; “107% S16, Jtiry ~ 963) Ti 4 OREes May. * 99; eee 
Ciornd. . 17 Dads *9OF 22 |: 42, 8 July 196° Balle Lous 123, 
BO PO0~ de, ., ells Digest 51 71, 8 Jan. '98; St 2 Sole oo Feb. 
198: E.W.-E 33 : 40G, 1 Apr. 199533: 450, 8 APT's, SOS st" S16, 


22 Apr. '90-7% 1584,°C6 May , Eh ie ar de 1G 2.82 5 March '86; 
/¢ 346, 1é Mch, "86, 40 : 409, 21, Jan'98; Let. Re ” 43 ; Bios. 
Aur. 198; L. Elec. 15, Jan 198: “Sib. Jour. June 196. 


a 5 Motor Generator Test. 

Ce ae wee atoe* Pid. 77, 161; . Fien, Lab. Notes No!s 19, 40; 
UTCHS tS BA. JaChy, ly tes 280: Par and Shd.856-9, 378, 
435-8: Thomp-Gth. Ed. 755, 758; Am. bl. 9: % 483, Dec, '97. 

12 Arc Lamp Study and Measurements. 

Nichols 4G. 

aa Electric Power Transmission. 
Thontp. Polypnase, 62 - 67. 
0.61 Circuit set 

or. ee oon eau sO6, hee nie aoe 200 May ‘96; Sci, Abs. 
1093, "May 700, 

101 .DLSt ribution of Potential. 

Jack, 309-210; WNich.15, 27, G3, 64; Par. and Shd. 428-430, 
422-433; Thorp. 6th. Ede 64, 65, 664 148,222, ~Thomp, PoLy= 
phase, 34-38, 49-51, 165-66. itt. Ble 10 | 458,'98; .SCi,Abe. 
SiG Feb. 499. 


Alternating Current Work. 


201 Measurenent of Inductances. 
Abbott > 302-303, 304-905, 306-807, 386, 328; Jack. 407; 
Mich. bike se% i Dg tl kc Sos 2s 188, 181; | Ams JOU. SGl eo 
25 July ‘99: LE. 44°: 108, LOLs Nov. 17, Dec. 1, 799. Sei. 
Abs. 1724, Nov!993 G47, March '00. 
202 Inductance of Alternator Armature 
Nichols 113, 114, 118. 
203 Determination of Angle of Lag. 
gack-111;° Nienols 18s. 


a8CKh-TTT! HNrepots tae 
SOS Defetuyveprou ot ¥WueTS OL Pets 
uYonOTa FT3* TTe* Tree 
“Sos INGHGSOUGS oy ¥Ifenus rox ve Ng PuLeE* 
Yre*, Tipe MOAsOD: Cts" -NeLep #90" 
32. ANTA :O0-. ea" eo 7 Joe* ToT’ wos 74’ pec’ 7p yaae ey" 
HTOu” FG9° Troe Te. TTF iyo" Ts8* Tutt yor qomm* sez" gs 
Vepore SE 3eh-g037 80F-30R/ Boe=BEA” 3ge" 88: 4gere goa! 
Sor NevenLoienrs O% Tvqire fsueee* ‘ 


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gel ate? to~2T’ Teo=ce*. ya" Py? 30 | F223! 198! 20r' “we 
vo-#34G; EvOMD* peg poe er’ ee" Ge" T#e* esr’ wep? a 
| aux SOO*STOL: prep *yp* Bd° Cg" oF! “B8n* gng epee TS8~ 
TOT press Tene yon OF, greenery” F he 
Todas" WER 1008 ee | 5 a 
2 4° sr" Oe. 3° Gae* ee! “pee ” a3 $06 oA ae! aot ype. . 
o°eT (OFESATE OLK * the Mogse a i) ——an 
LOU * SOTADBE ce" en ~ OL ee &2 ae 
ey ETSofLTe Ble. DisvENTonyou* 
. ATcpoTs 4a* | “a i 
JS  YuC Pomd’ Rs th sug gogo ge P . } ae % 
| ¥30-g+ gor: opp 423 x BY" Bs eer nec! a" Mea 
| Hrep* B* ae 196k" ys! pis’ ae Bet. Suq era”, geexa’- 3g 
mgt “s* os lpr fo ron" sat Tet: ayes Pep" nogen” nove Ta’ a 
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ip: qorn* unre. seg) > 










<M aee* > 5 ei ot FO: dat ites wigs’ rep pe : .: ie 
“SS yo? 18o¥. ee" aoe 3a: pe R°' Te : pinsiol 18a 4 
Sie eae (308! BAB 33 : 7 ybs* spety <o5' S$ eke ‘gotM: . aye" 
Be ted pa BO: BB sagt gha* oy see gt is 6 29U" 199 gr : ‘joa! 23 
eens ey Se Poug?} TA pect «908 gy : ws! 8 VITA ar aes ‘t Tat 78s 
ae oe WA" 498? TO : B70" Anza a0! 


EY" @ 2 es" Tisey ast: 320 eebes8a\ 
pe ed quar efr’ ‘na* Tox’ Tos* Tee* Tee? 

Mees 3S: “bre geen 4 BBY" Bot* Yua-9* que! abou gore ag 
bed . _ BYE CG" sat -4gors Sete" 3,0* aes de 
ts auek bupaerenae ee Scat Pep* gael Hoye* f, 


cs its aa pot Ee 












*, Department of Electrical Engineering. 
University of Illinois. 85 


Reference List. 
No. 
204, Power and Powor Factor of Alternating Currents. 
Abbott SS B08-11, 312-916; Jack.131,194,556-70; Nich. 124, 
126, 186; Thomp. Polyphase 32-34, 367, 373: EW 32 > 160, 
20 Aum. 985 28 : 351, 20 Sept, 96; E.W.-B. 32 : 500, 22 Apr. 
1Os 24.2 BOS, 0, Dec, 199; Lele 44.: 40, 12, 3, 10 Novs?ige 
Sei, Abs. 520 Feb.'00; 867, Apr'00;1303, June ‘00. 
205 Measurement of Capacity. y 
ATW. 17 28D Apr. 002° Nichols 272).. Amat]. 10,2 25, Jae 
W9e." An." Jour. SC.) 8 2 35 4 oly 'oo:,. SUle ADS. Lat,’ NOM 
too. 
806 Inductanne or Capacity, in Series and in Parallel. 
Nichols 123, 128, 169. 
207% Inductance and Gapacity in Series and in Parallel. 
Nichols 174, 178; Am. El. 10 : 85, Feb_'98,/% 125, Mch, '98, 
/0. 172,, Ap?.'98,/0: 222, May *98, 
210 Transformer Operation. 
Thomp. Polyphase, 52-62; E.W.E 34 : 120, 28 Juiy '99. H.E. 
eke AY oo ie hy, - Calas Ci ADRs LAID, ales Une . 
211 Transforner Testing. 
A.I.E.E. 17 : 282, Apr.'00; Flem.Lab. Notes. No. 31; H.W. 
31 : 806, 5 Mech. '98;3/: 588, 14 may'98;a): 683,4 June '98; E.W. 
E93 : 846, 17 June'99; 34 : 155, 29 July '99%% 278, 19 Aug. 
199, be S70,. Sept. 99; Soi. Abs. .718,. June 198; 1785, Nov, 
199; 160 Jan. "00. 
214 Coupling Alternators. Synchronizing. 
Jack. 382-26, 386-29, 329-835, 335-38, 341-49, 349-62, 362-66; 
Ay. Fl. 10 2 169,- Apr.498.. 21; 509, Nov.'99, E.Tece ae 
B70, 14: Dec... 199; - EaWe, 29.28, 8.Jan '97; & Oct.,4982 39.2 -20ee 
18 Feb.!99: Sci. Abs. 324 Mch.'98; 750 Mch. '00, 
215. Synchronous Motor Working. 
Jes Leliate ab. & LOL, "O6/25:..207, 96.;.. Netate 802, '95. 
218 Induction Motor Working. . 
AeleE.E. 17 : 837, Jan.'00; Jack. 597,601,607, 619, 653,654,655, 
659,663; Thonp. Polyphase, 67-77; Am. Hl. 11 > 299, June !99, 
Wit oO. o7G4, 2 NownI995,, gis 78gt07 25, don, 00,1 Penk mee 
Sci. Abs. 1579, Oct.199; 1780, Nov. '99, 174,Jan.'00, 346, 
Jan, '00, 349 Jan!00, 1179, May '00;1%81 May ‘00; 18361, June 
100. 
220 Rotary Converter Workins. 
Jack. 688: Thorp. Polyphase, 348-9; Am. El. 10 : 291, Juneidse 
Veatha Ooi. Seley te POR MOT; ene he GOs bla, Apres C0; 
E.7.%. 20 7 697, 5 Oct. 899; Sci.’ Abs. 203,204; Feb "98, 
355.Jan.'00. 
221 Composite Transmission (D.C. and A.C. same Line} 


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Sep "1d" 00° 
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80K" eeg-. gyoub* LoTAbysao® Ot8-a:° WE" -aT* To + Sat savety 
SSO HOLILA. GOs Made? Je KODE TUG* - ~ : 7 
+0Q”* . Pa ee 
asa 100": 348 ou 00? Tria" MSA“. 00F TEKST NSA 200% Tsey* qstye 
acT* ype” TRad’ 068" 3a: 7A80! HOA* 490? Tt? ASU" 1.90! 3¢" 
Bees SO: ACH" § HOa*. 99° ST : 43? 704. BO 19N°,00? T BeOS 
era" ees? iyoub* “poTabyyec? Qhebos yer Er’ yT : 303? ieetee 
- WP E*See* TA t. Uae LEM? 00: - 9goK* O95! eor* eon’ era’ ee" éoe* eRe 
STs ones tou NO LOL. MODE TIES, wae, 4 
: ‘ROS * EE on). Por" iors $347 ert: EL "= gop? Rr 7 
STR" ehvopRovona Wosoz gosKTUS* | ies 
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‘BA0° Te Dec’ pa! E*K* Ba re’ Ss oN 10M? 9 OGP" 108% By t rag 
Wis". Ey" To : Tea*- vin". ag** el , Bao" Moa" rpa! BLS 80: 
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Para FOO. 45H" 100° Sa 
er aah: @ gubs* 99! gor ype" 473" ative jag paws 
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str LLIVTSLOLGS, aeurTue* ) 
WAT S8.: Tou’ aoa! ser’ ypet Toao! | yote 90° | 
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x -BI0 LLOVBLOLUeL ObetshTuu* . re cheer 
eos me ‘Tas’ VRS 108 *\a: Sys" - Wea wee*. || ae 












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ri , 

eee re: yeti, yis* som’ gor* g : gp? antago? ‘Bor? ypae rast? 3 

ae ee reawey os. pa ying Qo? “uTovoTa Tas? Ll ry To: ae 

5 BRET ypR* ay0 Zep* 00! 90s* ybuoof ros" ane sod 
RE ee | 0 Dec* ido? ree" te: Yo* a + 3 o, oa? é 
te ar - cof ff og?.. 3S BeT*- 3o aebs* 9e:.. Erut=Bo 33 ce 200" Bs v: 
ee es # cy aoa Seanad atte ior sete ee | 
4... VPPOFE GS B08 3T3= APOK “TBI Tat epe=\0! pToy* 
eae “phorae Oh _vafen hae mabe tee 







a Derwent 


Department of Dlectrical Engincering. 
University of Illinois, 4. 


Reference List. 


Photometry . 
M ie) c) 
S01. Sensibility of the oye 
Stingt., OSs 
302 Standerdizing Methven Sereen. 
Stine 109-114, 114-1229, 186-132; E.W.E 32 : 231,25 Feb!o9. 
303 Characteristics of 50 volt Incandescent Lamp. 

Flem. Lab. Notes. No. 14; Nichols 218-21; Stine 70-78, 
203-204: E.Wa-E Digest 34 : 750, 11 Nov.'99. SCisAbs.1217, 
Nov.'98, 480, Feb.!00. 

804. Standardizing Hefner Lamp. ! 

Stine G2-70, 145-160; Am. El. 11: 208 199; SCi. Abs. 907, 
fur. 'OS- 1668, Nove'd9. 

805 Characteristics of Incandescent Lamp. 

Pilem. Lab. totes. No. 14; Nichols 2153, 218, 221; Stine 17i= 
195; Sei. Abs. 1217, Nov.'98; 480, Feb.'00. 

206 Distribution of Candle power about an “Incandescent Lamp. 

Nichols 214-17; Stine 196-216, 218, 219; 2E.W. Digest 31: 
252, 19, Feb.'98; Sci. Abs. 370, Apr.'98; 1217, Nov.'98;, 
480, Feb,.00. 

307 Characteristics of Series Incandescent Lamp 
308 Mean Spherical Candicpower. 

Telivek, G40 HGR, 'O5;' Nichols 218-16; Stine 2oet4, 216-218; 
Comp. Rend. 120 : 550; E.W. 38: 280, 25 Feb,'99; E.W.-H. 
Sf 2° 978y 18 NOV. * 09. 

309: Use or Lenses. 

Stine 100, 

310. Optical Efficiency of an Incandescent Lamp. 

Nicho_s* 822-327. 

311 Mean Spherical Candlepower of a Direct Current Open Arc Lamp. 

JeleE.E. 24 : 563 ,'95; Flem. Lab. Notes, No 32; Nichols 46; 
Stine 820-48: comp. Rénd. 120 :.550:. Am, Assis Procs Arc. 
140, -'98;%> EgWeeE 35 ¢ 06, 18 Jan l*00; Sci. Absa 952, une a 
1205, May '00. 

312 Variation of Lwiinous Intensity of an Enclosed Direct Current 
. re Lanp with the Inclination. 

Stine 220-48, Sei. Abs. 1605, Oct ‘99. 

512 Variation of Luminous Intensity of Alt. Cur. Are Lamp with 
Inclination. 

Red. hte to: 2 ee, tS Stine 220-42; E.V.-E. 35 : 66, 18 

Pane Oot Lecie hose O51, .cuneto2. 


ats 


TSU" OO: BCT" ype oes". §Meadot 
V°i°E*E* Te? 2 Rod" 108i BPFNG Sso-Ws? Ewa*-p* go> ce* ya 
woeyTisgpoue 
A@hT SPTOU OF rauquone TUPOUAT EA OL, ¥Ie"* Gm VLG pemb arfy 
giTbe syo-es" eoy* ype? Jeos* eee sao” 
. Ya0 TSWD ATSY pve Tuetruerromu* 
ASETILTON oy; MMyvene TM PsuaT fA ot ou RycrTovery prbecs CAREONE 
ISoe nga ,00* 
T40" 2pe:  z* B*-& Se : e¢* Te Acu’ 100! ecI" ypa* oo8° Snes 
2fTNe BS0-7S:  gowh* yeug* 730 3 220: yu" Yeew* Eroc* gy = 
Vr" e* 84 ees 102° LTer" * WOfes*® HO Bul nropoye Fer 
Magy, gbivenresT ooNgTehouss oL g gil GULLeUP Obey yuo poub? 
HFSVOTe gss-yyA" 
OL$IOST ELLTGTGUSA ot sy TemuoZ0eus Lain 
ef¢TNse Foo* Ee 
fee OF,. Ponwee* Ale ee : ee 
oor i ade” Te Ha" 20° ® | | 
st $0 * 880: Bfu* vue: aso" $6 sep? wap? ge gtage. 
asi Br Mf 2037.92: yTapoye sia-Te: arte ae-te* Baap 
eLIcey “gougrobones.* 


Gpeusesengapzoe 95 sich Iwesuqeaceng Po an a 


F307 he nen’ too". 
. $ee" fo’ u55".a8! wor’ ype*® gio” wea de! TsTa’ woah 
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DEeeLepeeyTaU 38 qsugiTe bamkex spose i Juecugeacens pew 
Toe? get" yoe* Tuys* woa*,get #86 Lep* ,d0* 
am’ TSp" NOgea* po* Tet. pees besa “se! Ba 7? eeta0 at 
BTOSTCR 8 Iwesugeacorsg perth i 
. ~ Tees" HOA? so" . 
mht ics fon. al ar mW: ‘wee ae were Voor aout 


at #80 BeP* 100% Wed 
| iotoat fe coc a 









Fe atl aed a stae : is Stirs. bis - 
; CUtemakor 
alimelov 7 Gensrator or Motor 


; Shunk Wound 
Bolarily Sndicator et Gabvanemeter EOF Dyname ot Motor 
; : Wound 
~ Fo = 
Py ice Ase Su Shave 
Knife Switch ~ Closed 9 Pi 
: (Star Connection) 


Motor Gennator - 





Hill - 


ae 4 ’ 
Se FOO tne 


Storage Cll 


Spring Jack 





Magnets Gana : 





Cosh Sinn aged 


. hi Salf rastoing Arimmncist n Diop - | [] Showa StabieMinabinc| 








AMS OF ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. 


“hath HEN ANY OF THESE D1Ai 
; : Sa - J INSERT THE’ Ceram GIN THEISIAGRA‘: : 
* Py te dtr ae sen rMe Lerch Mo ; 
pe te eh : Dynamo a Motor 
Wabtmeter ae = Dyname ox Motor 


: bot. Sui Shase 
“Han a Bee - Dymame ot Motor 
, (Sriangular Connection) 





—/\WWWMWW+— Sesistance 


— AW Snduction Coil Suaneformnes 
Selegra ph Hey 

} 
Selegraph Cranes 


Sole Changer 


Mecstat 


Www Variable Meoist ance 


| Sue 
Sle Single Sole Crewit Breaker 
ia Double Sols Cineruit Breaker 


Lighting Arrester Cul Out 













mean length [ 
of mag.circuit y= =— Sse Ese —- ---— 
BL ONG. oy itty ke BAe NG a 






Mean length 
Mag. Circuit of 
Pole prece. 


mean length of 
mag. Circus? atroass 






armafrvure, ee oo eae). 
: | — is 
~ ; j 
i ! ! | 2/4 gap--.-.each side, 
ciam : i -_ 
' ree pep —— >» , Mean length of path of arm. mag. Cir. 3 
; \= = Ls of xr x(205*2) ‘aL +b. Me 
le >| oe . 7 
= oS = : 7, 
BOG OTIEOLA rIIKCOFE. a05 0 nn oo | J=Mmeon diam. of orm core. _ 
b= radia/ ¢epth of arm. core. | 
AGS ear GabctAres. i. gee Mean sectionalarea Of pole preces ss : 
Trve(effective) COP Are a oe 218. BN Mi oes eae ae! ia kc . 


Ree RL i 
EDISON BIPOLAR TYPE DYNAMO. = 





Bs 2 
P , 
- 5 
z - 
; Z 
FA 
r p 
= 
: WS. 
F 
———s 
. x 
- ~ 
Pp ‘ 
7 ’ 
“ t : 
‘ 
. : 7 y 
i 
4 








Dragrams of Connections for Laboratory flnastruments. 


Same voltmeter with Simpse Ammeter Con- 


olans Tay on tlo- -volt cirevit multiplier for Aao-roltcirevit, nections. 


Fat 


pao Pores Conne erions for 
ar Be TESTS: bteey 


Indfepting: Wattm rer Gi eneen’ nedean as wattreter with iulitetrab 


Neglect fe place Mult.incircvit will re- 
Sult in burn out of instrument: 


Fins 9. 


Short PiAeee re wire Tt other tecenek:. 


Wattmeter PIE Fete fats hee yy 
Starting EUPrERTS: 2.9. Ind. motor. 











A\-Re sistance tobe measured ,insert- A,- Resistance tobe measured 
ed in series in external circuit of in series with suitable 
Ilo volts from dynamo. battery current. 


B. Measurement of High Feit at - Shunt Fields. 


ran S{o ihe: Prim OMes etc. 


Simple ito Volt circuit 
moy be used. 


I. MeasuREMENT oF RESISTANCE BY ComPARATIVE METHODS. 


A, Meas'd by Vin alone B. Measured by Vm. C. Meas'm't of Insulation 
Compared with known Res. alone. | 


resistance. 
Fig.4. Fig.5. 
1d 


R=r¥ | R=r(¥eu =) 


where R= unknown res. where R= unknown yes. where Re res. insulation. 
1 = Known res. Y= ves. Vm. hers ace Vm. 
= Vm reading, © Vs Vy veading — Vez 
Vin in Shunt | ‘switch closed. sas w. Two sides 
with r. Vos Vin yeading of line. 
V's Vm reading, Switch open. 


; ete poke in pot. betw, 
Vm in shunt ole Side of lin 
with R. 


a) 


in potential 











Conse, 


t 


i 


ea) 
2 


ao 
Oo 


HE 


Diacram oF Connections FoR 


Compound Dynamos. 
Epis on GENERAL EvectricCo. 


SHUNT-BOARD COMBINATIONS. 


m2 
roa) 


HE 


= 
S 


vise ENE HENE 


l7oce. Comb/ lowest aurF Co ES highest vocts. | 


1" - 
at 


1",2n 
on 


! min 
a 


GOolLs 


tt 


in Mult. 4" & 5" 


i] ” : " ff 
only seh Wen netoyblilyy 





cut out 


w w 
‘ 


TH Ec 4" in series 5" cut out 
" 


" " it it it " 
and " 't " v ” 
in Mule, 4" and 5" in series 

1 It " ue a) t tt 
and tt " " " Be 








@ MLL 





‘Con trol by shunting portion of current 
from field coils when lower EMF i$ (regvired. 





“Armature Pee eds pene Regulating mechanism 
Les Brush Are Light Machine. 


First and Second Commu tators. 
tak poe Field. ; 
- CR Carbon Resistance. 

AM. beet AA Maras: 


v 





SF Series Fields - 
SBE ee. Mes) ‘Le, Pip Re 


oy 








BRUSH SERIES ARC MACHINE. 


Wall j ig ee eae 
Controller, Connections as shown 
eee Ct? foruse of, wall contro! 
+— Controlling magne’. : : eee 5 /er. 5 
<—Switch Shorf-circuiting req. magne’. itae 5 ee out reg ulating device 
aie connect leads Aand B fo-— 
gether, and densi c in bind- 
ing ease Ae Lg pares 
Peas te [ee E 


~~ Regulating a r 


loor 


OVAVUOYU Bie aee > 
Jeries Field oat Fig. 16. | aS, | 
| LS eR Cut pet aw ER Oat: 
- Conndenions : as 
| Shown for use 
[of wall contro/- 
Main Leads ‘ler ; 
Bae Be 
y Zo cur out con- 
p7ro/ler, discon- 
ppect at Band C. 


Be a AS fo ‘ { 
Ege cer cdoa ee aa 

ees cir. : 
Be ml teg tee 
| Paine Rake 


Brush Machine:- Control by shunting por- TH Machine:- Koateel by Sadericg: points 
Pn of current from field co//s when lower of Contre viration of two brushes pereeags: 
IM.F. is re guire od. oes Qa pair, respecrively on each. side. 


ee 
Soo ee) a ae 4 
grit Se £ 








a 











CEN. lV Wt | 
EFFECT OF EFFECT OF EFFECT OF 
REVERSING MACHINE) REVERSING FIELD REVERSING 
i. €. BOTH ARMATURE) COIL CONNECTIONS 

AND FIELD | ONLY 


ARMATURE 
CONNECTIONS 










SEPARATELY 
EXCITED 
MACHINES 


SERIES 
WOUND 
MACHINES 


—DIAGRAM INDICATING DIRECTIONS OF ROTATION OF MOTORS: 


Houston and kennelly’s Electro-Dynamic Machinery. 


iy 












CONNECTIONS OF STARTING RHEOSTAT FOR SHUNT WOUND MOTORS 
WITH AUTOMATIC RELEASE IN FIELD CIRCUIT OF MOTOR 
. AND OVERLOAD CIRCUIT BREAKER 













] 
| 







Release Magnet 


7J------ 








NAKARA Ra Gy 
‘eo Or | 





From Supply 
Circuit 


t 
want 






Overload 
Circuit Breaker 












----------—— 














Details of Release Magnet 





















9 pee pe 


tT 


melas. 


+ 


oF nae. 
oH 
petsacdae 


aS 
BES 


ae 


ent. 


Curr 


x Ari. 
e= SN 
t 


arp ue = 


“Torque 


t 
i 


as 














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ing 


aes 
< § 
ie 

ES 








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Se 





: asuan ap Se Seneeneeeee 


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= 


+ 


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Reh "Oe {0,83 Gi. Me) 103. ot 63.80.) 2). 


ee eee 


STE LnEEHtistrtt 


2 ow ots ee 


33,3 


mame) CO 


i | 


iar 





UGENE DIETZGEN CO., CHICAGQ. 














3 Ic! 
re 
Me 
: 
- ‘ 
‘ 
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* 
é 5 : 
rs be 
* 





| se Effective EME. is a 


rena? by 
i 2 i 


ee Pluss ee alone: tas eee 


a 





Eiecrromotive Farce Curve. of a Single- “phase, 


H id b te 
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mene See 
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rid 


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EUGENE DIETZGEN €O., CHICAGO, 


FH Lee pa ie 


a 


‘aa So 


+ +4; 
sla 


=a 


pert 





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juga 





5 iia 
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BARBIES 

















































o1cw 
as 
Elig x 
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ees 
Ries 
K 1] Se 
< Yea 
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fa dake 
re %Q v3 
2{] 8¥ =. 
Hye 
* 
> x9 
Ly Sng, a~ 
/ ¥ £8 ; 
i") 52 
if es KS 
S S 
; SNe SATE Cy yl tee Ste hs og See 
y, WN 
GY, Yffff 9 ahd (Vee oe ae 
we ny Sie a re] 
LL. LA. sis] ox 8 es Cane 
Lege ey aks Sate ial [Ee Be Nig ca eT ‘™ : . 1 ae 
th i) 2 § 2 go : Be vv Y 
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=) Onf ASS gid a OPS vy © ° 90 (9 
oe 9 ee MS te” Pa ee da 
its OWS hese 8 lua bt 
EA te SRS Se ee ets ae ce 
DISTRIBUTION OF WASTE FLUX. ‘al] & . bs . f w Q 4 ree cod Nie ea 
‘ Be . oo ; i) / Sty 
Arrangement of coils for datermina-| & o | eee ks 5 g.£ £ “age @ a 
tion jin bipolar type of dynamo. Sk Se <q wy <¢ ¢ € 2 
Fig.2 ; 
ob orn s With Ballistic Galvanometer. 


Reve rsing 






- +) 
Switca. 3s 
Least 2° 
» & @:z 
3° 
\ 
=f o> 
$t 
=:§ 
os fies, 
oF 9 
2k w 
” 
23 ° 
34 £ 
aie Y=ratio of means= =: 
. =ravio of 8 
3 


Gereravor 


COEFFICIENT OF MAGNE TIC LEAKAGE. 
Connections of apparatus forderer- 
Ininatieon in bipolar Type of dynamo. 








Eee far i criti | ad t ane et 


ee [oe a a ann 
eg HE at =) Heaicuctiaue 
a aa ae Aigner bi eaeaia ais 
Hae ee SHEE | fet “it Careedte tt 
— So 


ae 
srena 
one 





s a a - i B nas 3 ¥ 
a tw It Rie a a 
ie : - | 
HH Pe -tage } a I Ht 4 
sem zim Pa srseetnes “ = 


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ry aces 


aI im 
Pana Beene cea 


Henle 





ace 


a 


(as ee | : : 
fon figeeece tahe ieee: - 


Besategsecees saaret at | i Zaucgueaueansyeagaeeunawuau™ 
aaa ue creat :e satiites on 
aera aonsears _. aft myite 


Tareas 4 RP AER 
SSur Beane ae =| 





“EUGENE DIETZGEN GO., CHICAGO. 


1 
' 
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- 
‘ 
- 
a . 
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Sad 


RETRO SS TRL 2 





7 Shs SB 
a* sumee 


SEE ere: 





F 


Go, 


CHICK 


RUGENE DIETZGEN CO., 














Main Line or Bus Sars | 








> =Shunt machines in Series. 
(ay Fields in Serves. 


Main Line or 


‘ . 
Fovelizer divides /oag proportionately 
oetween rhe two machines. 


Series machines in Poralle/. 
With egual/zer. 






Shunt machines in Parals/el 


2b. and &. 



















Main Line or Bus Bars. 


me ce ee eee 


u 











Shunt machines in Series. 
(6) Fields independent. 
Lotted connections for 3-wire system. 


Wala (oid @neee ord 









Bus Bars. 





Series machines in Paralle/ 
Mutval Excitation. — 












2 


Compound machines in Series. 
Three-wire System. 





Com pound machines in Series, 
Two-wire System. 










DIAGRAMS FOR COUPLING D.C. DYNAMOS ANDO MOTORS IN 
















Sd 2 ee EF 


os { | | ( | DYNAMOLEAD- F2 


SERIES WINDING 








EQUALIZER AT SWITCH BOARD EQUAL/ZER AT DYNAMO 


THE CIRCUITS THAT AFFECT THE MUTUAL COMPOUND1Na OF DYNAMOS WORKING 1N] 
MULTIPLE ARC,ARE THE SERIES WINDING A'; EQUALIZERS, B', AND DYNAMO 
LEADS, D',F1G.1,SHEET 3. TO OPERATE ANY COMPOUND DYNAMOS 1N MULTIPLE 
SO THAT THEY WILL CARRY VARYING LOADS 1N PROPORTION TO THEIR OUTPUTS, 
THE FOLLOWING RULES MUST BE OBSERVED: THAT THE RESISTANCE A',B' AND D! 
CONSTITUTE THOSE RESISTANCES WHICH ARE INVOLVED 1N PROPERLY EQUAL1Z-- 
ING THE DYNAMOS,AND THAT THE CONDUCTIVITY OF THE EQUALIZER CIRCUITS 
FOR EACH DYNAMO MUST BEAR THE SAME RAT10 TO THE CONDUCTIVITY OF ALL 
EQUALIZ1NG CIRCUITS 1N MULTIPLE,AS THE OUTPUT OF EACH DYNAMO BEARS TO 
THE TOTAL OUTPUT OF ALL DYNAMOS. 

FIRST, CONS1DER EQUAL1Z1NG DYNAMOS OF THE SAME DESIGN AND OUTPUT; 
THE USUAL METHOD OF CONNECTING 18 SHOWN 1N Fl¢.I. TO MAKE THESE Dy- 
NAMOS WORK PROPERLY TOGETHER ,1T 1S NECESSARY THAT THE RESISTANCE BE- 
EQUALIZER BUS,E,AND BUS,F,BE THE SAME FOR ALL DYNAMOS, AND'THAT BUS E 
SHOULD NOT HAVE ANY APPREC1ABLE RESISTANCE, OR THE EQUALIZERS MAY BE 
DIRECTLY TIED TOGETHER, | AS IN F1G.2. 1F DYNAMO NO.1 19 ON THE BUS, 
AND 1T 18 REQUIRED TO THROW DYNAMO NO.2 IN PARALLEL W1TH 17,EQUAL1ZER 
SWITCH ,»E2,1S THROWN; ‘THIS HAS NO EFFECT UNTIL SWITCH 178,15 THROWN ; THE 
THE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE SERIES COIL OF NO.2, ‘AND 18 DIVERTED 
FROM THE SERIES WINDING OF THE OPERATING DYNAMO; THE AMOUNT OF CUR-_ 


RENT THUS DIVERTED DEPENDS ON THE RAT10 OF THE TWO PARALLEL CIRCUITS. 





ba] 

ae 

+o 

“ 

ek 

* ‘oY 
ose 
\ 
ne . 
- . 
“] ‘ 
» + 4 
+ ‘ 
P ‘ 
- 
? 

1 a 
. -< 
~ 
i? - 2a 


‘ 
> a 


’ 
iro 


J 
- 
. 
a 
ic ig? 
at Ghd 


i 

‘ 

- 
« 
Pa 


) t * “4 





IS THROWN 1N, AND THE CURRENT GRADUALLY FADES OUT OF THE EQUALIZER 
CONNECTION, AS DYNAMO NO.2 TAKES 1TS PROPORTION OF THE LOAD, THE E- 
QUALIZER CONNECTION HAS THE FUNCTION OF MAINTAINING THE SAME VOLTAGE 
AT THE TERMINALS OF THE TWO MACHINES, AND THERE WILL BE NO TENDENCY 
TO CROSS-COMPOUND. 

WHERE SIMILAR DYNAMOS ARE LOCATED AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES FROM THE 
SWITCHBOARD, THEIR EQUALIZING CONNECTIONS MUST BE ALL EQUAL 1N RES1ST- 
ANCE TO THE GENERATOR WHICH HAS THE LONGEST LEADS,1F THE SAME CURRENT 
DENSITY HAS BEEN FIGURED ON ALL THE LEADS. IN EQUALIZING DYNAMOS OF 
DIFFERENT DESIGNS AND OUTPUTS,THE SAME RELATION OF EQUALIZING C1R- 
CU1ITS MUST EX1ST BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT DYNAMOS,AS 1N SIMILAR DYNAMOS, 
EXCEPT THAT THE RESISTANCE OF THE DIFFERENT EQUALIZER CIRCUITS DE- 
CREASES AS THE OUTPUT OF THE DYNAMO INCREASES. IN OTHER WORDS,THE 
DROP BETWEEN THE EQUALIZER BUS-BAR AND SERIES BUS-BAR MUST BE THE 
SAME FOR ALL UNITS WORKING IN PARALLEL,WHERE FULLY LOADED, OR THE 
MAX 1MUM CURRENT DELIVERED BY UNIT ,MULTIPLIED BY THE RESISTANCE OF 1T 
EQUALIZER CIRCUIT,MUST BE EQUAL TO A CONSTANT,WHICH 1S CR = E. 

TWO METHODS OF CONNECTING EQUALIZERS ARE RECOMMENDED; ONE TO TAK 
EQUALIZERS BACK TO THE SWITCHBOARD, AND THE OTHER TO EQUALIZE AT THE 
GENERATORS, THE ONLY ADVANTAGES GAINED BY THE FIRST METHOD LS: THAT 
THE EQUALIZING CONNECTION 1S UNDER THE CONTROL OF SWITCHBOARD ATTEN- 
DANT,BUT AS THE RESISTANCE OF EQUALIZER LEAD 18 INCREASED ,THE MA- 
CHINES DO NOT TEND TO D1V1DE THE LOAD SO READLLY BETWEEN THEMSELVES, 


AND ACT MORE AS INDEPENDENT MACHINES 1N MULTIPLE. 


- 











PU TR POE ee ee oe ren cue e aE, 
t 3 


oe * a's 


wad rh ee 0 


; 8 : 
veers 7 


ee. ae 
e Tet LOUALIZING ROD ie 


oe 





Bf 


a 


Yv10d-18 NOSIda 
ol ex Xoo aa | 


9 


ts 


QN3 30IS490-0 


2 
7 
Oo 
Dm 


es BS 


ative 


- SNOLLWNIGWO 











a3 


‘ 





; f : [<1 Ornamo 
a 2000 iC) Garvanemerea. a 


E Lavaurtine Bee 














ear oes 


COMPOUND WOUND 2)NAM9S 

| should he ve frosi lve polarity on 
reght Aarne Crush when facing 

commutatorcnedirrespeetev- of ede 
reclion of -odzleor. Poremen rd bl 

| jrlease Jwle this Aoin Cand recharre 
freld anagncts of Suck dy mamox 
bheataresent oul polariyeclother 
wise. 


SHUNT WOUND DYVAMOS. 
shoule have their lower brushea 
always jesilive, irrespective 
rg olircedteon fF rolalie2e. 





Snow Fraro, 


@) 


Dinenam oe C onneetions ren Comvouns OfKnamosin Mourtiere. 
Eoson GeneanEcecrric Go. 











YAynarne a 


_faleanometer (oe } 








Bas. 
COMPOUND WOUND DYNAMOS 
shoultt have josilize jolari ty on 
7ghe Rand brush when fa ceng 
comsmutelarendéerreseclese of ae — 
reclion oF rola fon. Lorvemen ull 
please nole Chis poinPand -eeharge 
field magnets of suck dynamos 
 FhaP are senFoul pro larije aL ober 


“ree. 


SHUNT WOUND DYNAMAS. 
should haze their lower brushes 
alaays fosilise, ¢rrespeclive 
of: airecléon f. volaleor. 





Eoison GeneracELectric Co. Diagram af connections for comfound Cy namos. 
; on Chee acxre system 


932 


SS ae 





wa e. vu, wy, = BAUs® at UITO ALY aude 


Initial sheed 







% ton « 

@ Mechanical Losses = ay eatin ex 
Hyst is ,eddy- ent and 

@ arate ak Wr aes Wrest 

= gf{tan a —tana) 
4 (tana’ — tana) 


fRef.- Se. Abs. Voli, p.99.| 





Time in Seconds 


Use machine as motor; run abowe normal speed; cut off armature and 
as currents; determine retardation curves for no load, and Known load , 
A+B) by noting instantaneous speeds with tachometer. Then with Cur- 
rent on, nobrake, determine retardation curve C. Leta =known bower 
absorbed by brake at normal Speed and draw,at that point, tan- 


gents to retardation curves. Equations @ and @ give thelosses. 


T. SEPARATION oF LossES BY STRAY PoweR METHOD. (haps) 


Fig-2. 





Current in armature 


Tora 





° Volts in armature 
X Speed with given field cae 
Stray powcr = Sum of friction, eddy-current and hysteresis losses. 
Eddy-eurrent loss proportional to Square of Speed ; friction and 
nese losses proporfional (approx) to speed. . : 

UH armature as motor, no load, at ditt. speeds using diff.volts and 
Measure currents required; results give st.line AB. Draw AD 
| parallelfo OC; then chy represents losses speed, and DB 

those & square of speed. Using a diff. field strength give 
A'B increasing only theh erect etc. 











sense 


! na Bde 


oe 


Pee acuessseeaes 


Ra 


t 


Pears sent 








“ ™ 
‘ 
‘ 
. 
‘ 
, ' 
; 
f.*: 
. i 
sa a 
= “a S ’ . : 
= rs = 








Mach/nes,to be of Same type and Size, and Ariven at Proper speed 


by. be/t.or mechanicas connection. 


In Hopkinrson’s method the losses in each machine are assumed 
to be the same, whether operated as Aynamo or moror. 


In Kapps method the efficiencies of each machine are assumed 
Jo be the same, whether operated as Ayramo or motar. - 












—_—> 


Armature ammeter an 





motor side. 


£1g.1. HOPKINSON'S CIRCULATING ( MOTOR-GENERATOR) TEST. 


Paes Aj V; a cA; 
Motor Efficiency — AcVer Sh F Dynamo Efficrency =e oer . 


Ac Ve me. Am Vj 








Armature ammeter on 
_aynramoe side. 


—— 





Fig. 2. HoPKINSON 's CIRC ULATING (MOTOR-GENE RA ToR) TEST. 


3 SEO. BAG casas ; Re ee ieee : % 
Motor Efficiency — AcVec + Fe Bie os eg gp name Efficiency =. 4 Rees 
P fran! cay Sa ERREPEEES Wyo EES eee weet a Y eee A; “3 . 
3 AcVe + AMV +Amv; 6 AcVet+ My Ag Vi 


x 
A 


Fig3. KAPP’S METHOD oF TESTING EFFICIENCIES. 
A; = Current when switch /s fo rights) Ao= Current, s witch fe Jerr. 
3 : V 








Bilis 9 is tt prone te moe ae 
} ame ; 


ee 


EA e Eas Peach el 


Lal Be 3 


»t Eat 


eee a 


ieeegecnea ts 





Se pe ev 








is 1 aed sebusensscesvacasus Ged eeidcstitisiil 


STeeeaaaeunae 
seas Sm eee 
guzsa 
SESESGESSS SEEEESBESE Ccubr( 2: Baa 


ere sears Paces eae PEPE 
ere ienaeel are 


Hie 


HEH 
senses 


sisi 


_ 


Es 


P2*.\- aueee aaa yy PT 
Aan I 

anos sees EH 

rt i ; 
: is HoH sees Hints 
t | th 
HS ae y 

t t ; tft 
i, 
> 


FH 
a 
Hy 


q 


@ 
S' 
me 


= 
Ci 
1s sesee 
on ae. wae 


Azaanaresasues 


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ie 


aeses 
aut 
ma Fain 


74 eas 

Jt HH 
t : i Setcezeae 
4 EE 


ud 


aes 


tHe ee 


“Par lek ED T a a A ie Gee eae 





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hata 
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POWER MEASUREMENTS OF ALTERNATING CURRENTS. 
W, 











WwW, 





Fig-2. 








in Wet ; wa 
Fd PHASE, 4+ WIRE:- Independent 2 PHASE, 3 WIRE :- Total Power 







wmcasurenmen?. of Power of rhe ae lags = Sum of Two Readings. 
P=>wWwtwe. P=Witwe. 






/n either of above systems, if there is perfect balance, total power = 
twice. Aare measured by one waftmefrer. 








3 PHASE, Oe Tote! Power | aS PHASE, DELTA SYSTEM :- Total 
= Sum of Readings. a anete e — Sum of Readings. 
P=WwW+Wwetws;.- a Wi + Wwe tW3. 
In either of above systems, 'f there /s perfect balance, tota/ power = 
lela. times power measured by one wattmerter. 








Ineach of above cases of 3-phase sy stems, Y and &, total power = alge- 
brarce sum of i ea Wi and Wa, og ere ee nd of balance orlaq. — 


4 











@) If equivalent an isless than 60°, or pewer fector greater tThand0.50 
then, arithmetical sum of readings =Spower; P=wtwe. 

() /f equivalent 1a9 is grearter than 60°, or power factor Jess thanaso 
then, arithmetical difference of readings=power; P2WisWr ws. 

Check: In terchange instruments without oltering relative connections 
of current and Ermf. coils of wattmeters; then, 

@ /f deflections @renow in same direction as- ARLOOR: 
Sum of Original readings = power; P= had) t+ we : 

(©) If deflections are now reversed, cir 

difference of original readings = power; P= wi = Wa: 












#181. 


Fig.d, Alternating Current Relations, | Resiitan? Tiengle of Die hy: Ede pon 
Effects o Inductance ~ Lo ing Currenrs. 
Tf r 9g Ing 





ys 


/ | (Bee OF ie “OAtoc. fe tne P2) EF= =aBtco. 
ariable Relation sy Mean Valves: Beicy Ey —EF fj OF = OF cos $3 = = ODcos $,+.08 cos Pa. 


tanteneous values are projections of mean vaivesin €} EF=OF Sing; = OD Sin ¢, + 0B sin ba. rid 
al angular positions “Se= = (E; ae Es) 
besbd-e@b; - ane. pr=pzipr. 


6g OF = geome}rrie 5u/7 of OR and OO. 


GR OF = OB cos ($2 - ads + OD cos(o3- 1). 





y axe 4 ) ran oe See 

4 2 OE - 00 cos$, +08 cos 2 
Reactance. : 

p Power Factor = Cos. ¢= Resistance.— RR. 





pl Oe ee VN ATE Mf AL” 
Hawke come irece ive iets | 
: (Pressed ENF ie 





Induction eocree = S37 Oi 





Sing = e oft 
fenpressed tka 


sistance Triangles, — —: E.M.F. Triangles. 











: : 7752 





& 





, Effect of Capacity - Leadin COepeare WE mE Cts ne nae Seo ages 
~ 7 Agee a Date 9g 


~ 


G 


‘ 


iy) 





variable Relation of Mean Valves: Ee=v Ey-Ed¢. © ee icity BS = ie eae | 
. @ 06 = OF cos $, = OD cos $, + OB cos 92. 
a) ERIS OF ei be ODNSIA ~, +06 sin $2. 
@) OF = geometric sum of OB and OD. — 
G2) (0) et OY oi cos( pz— $3) tod cos (O;—¢,) 
B @ tang; = EE = OD sing, +08 sin $9. 
Condenser OD cosg, #08 cS O2 
EMF. | | 


pstantaneous values are projections of mean valves in 
eral angular positions: Fes 26 Es +Ec). 
5% bc =hd~ab; ane, pr= Prt pq. 


Resistance ective EMF 











Power Factor = cos? = Resistance — R 


Il/mpedance x 
rN 0 3 he VAY aye T Rh 

















COosSd = Effe ctive EME= Ee— Ee 
HaRpressed Enir Eta fee es. 
ee me oe hae 
Inductionfactor= sing = Reactance = 27tk 


Impedance ny vipers Eel 
| B+ Give pagal 





Sin P= Condenser EMF. Ec = Ec ; 
ae : | /INPFESSE MF £3 ea Wik PATS 
| sistance Triangles, E.M.F. Trian gles. ; et&e 





\ 





Alter nating Current Re/ations, 
{fect of Combined Inductance and Capacitly—Lagging, Phasing, or Leading Currents. — 


Case I. 


Lag i alk 


a 


Time Base. 


Combinatieds of 


+S) 
1s 
* 
Vv 
8 
2 
e 


Inductanceand capac/ty 
Jo $@avre zero lag. 











crances jn Series 


‘SAC Emf of fad. Res, 

= AC Emf. of nen-Ind. Fes, 
= Cur.in Ind. Fes. 

= OC Emf# oF Ind. Fes. 

= Inductive Em¢s, 


8:Capacifies I~ 
eee 


Nod. Fe sistances inserses 
ith Non-jnd resrstance. 


“ 
fe 


fr Current ax/s 


ie 


4, lead=90°2 


b Em fasi<p 
We 


Mes in $Serses 
: with non-ind resistanCe 


<= Condenser Emfs. 


Capacities in series 


Inductances in poralle 
alone. 


(ay-9-2- Presi in parallel 


abere. 


2G ace Saw eS" resist | 
ances in rSeries Deg nhs 














f 


3e Inductance and 
» Capacity /n series. 


wtcm oe ec 2 ee = = 4. 
\ 





vetance and Capacity jn 
eS with non-ind. resistance. 





Simple induct and non-ind. res. in series. 


Simple capacity and non-ind. res. in Series. 


(C9) 
Ee Pa6s/eay 
Bs : 
Emf AC > Em PR or é; = be = ES 
Resistance Inductance and 


‘Capacity in Series-paralle|. 











PRIMARY MAINS PRIMARY MAINS ~ 


Coils additive. 








B 


2000 VOLT PRIMARY MAINS = | 


ae 








* Banking "’ transformers; secondaries connected in parallel. Two S0-volt secondaries connected in series to supply 100-volt lamps. 








PRIMARY MAINS PRIMARY Sue 
Correct connection of Incorrect connection of ; ees { 


primaries in series. primaries in series. 











1000 VOLT 1900 VOLT j 
PRIMARY MAINS PRIMARY MAINS l 





30 volts 


Correct connection of Incorrect connection of a - Ow altas eet 
primaries in parallel. primaries in parallel. ; ) ; 
Transformers connected for three-wire system. Incorrect connection for three-wire system. 


. 


. yg 6 Fs 4 A; 
Correctand Incorrect Connections of Transformers. Bedel/s: Principles of the Transformer. 








‘legis ve ey 
+ ee 


ont ake ~ 
r «- Fite =m * 


ota > bev te® + e 4 


? 
Ray te: ats 


Jase 









































¢ 


Figl, Transformation in 


but norf in phase. 


3 Phase Line 


t 

s 
8 
1 


volfa 9 e 


3 Phase Line 


1000, 


IYYVALMA 
MAA A 





Figse and 3, Scosr System: Transformation in both voltageand phose. 














3 Phase Generator. 


Figs.4 and 5, 


3 
[Es 


2 Phase- 3 Phase 
Transformers. 


2 Phase Generator. 





Lamps on 2 Phase 


w 


Lamps on 2 Phaso 


2 Phase Motor 3 Phase Motor ss 2 Phase Motor 3 Phase Motor 


7wo- or Three- phase Generation ond Utilization with Three-phase Transmission. 


, 
‘ 








Fer wan t 4 EF NTS s 









Secondaries 
ID mM ultiple. 





Dovb/e Voltage Test for 
Insulation Strength between Turns. 


Fig. 2. 















Regulating resistance. 


SUM PNE.R’S METHOD 
For de Termining efficiency 
and fosses. 





om | 
! mR eactan e 





Heating Test by Opposition Method 


Fg. 5- Fig. 6. 
! 


Flg.4. 
ito volt 
Supply 


410 volr 
Supply. 










440 volt 




















SS 
is ws 
N qe ca 
$a Na 
3% gg 
vo a.8 
ee oe 
& a) 
Secondary x 
Secondary 
- Secondary 
Primary Open. 
; Senananey poe tees 
* e hrough ammerer 2 
REGULATION =TE ST. 3 COPPER Loss. =~. —-s IRON (CORE) Loss. 
FOR Par cen Bud no puis By Wa tt meter ar given lead _ By wattmerer, Exciting 


Secondary vo/tage be- through Secondaryammeter. current by ammeter. 


tween no /oad and given /mpedance voltage by volt- 
/oad. meter. : 








re It 





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cases 


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scees ceassceee GREE 


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53 he 
















CONNECTIONS OF © 


| HIGH POTENTIAL TESTING TRANSFORMER 
10000 VOLTS 


3104 Volt Mains 
y (or 52 Volt with 


ee 









3 Connectio 
0 Board in Paralel 


[ yeqs0=suy | 











7lpparatus under Test Water Rheostat 





General Electric Co. 


41 








CONNECTIONS FOR PARALLELING Low VOLTAGE SINGLE 
PHASE GENERATORS. 


A\ 


To Bus Bars 












Transformers 
on 


Swittoht 2eard) 
ees 


Tempor ary 
Transformers 


















To Generator. 


E 





CONNECTIONS FOR PARALLELING HIGH VOLTAGE SINGLE 
PHASE GENERATORS. 


INSTRUCTION BOOKS,- General Electric Co. 








ini 
































PHASE Id PHASE 2 








PHASE | 


MACHINE A MACHINE B 


CONNECTIONS FOR PARALLELING Two-PHase HIcH 
VOLTAGE GENERATORS. 


<—_— 2080 - ——> 


— fey 


enerator Armature 









Teazer Coil 


Series Field 


P 
Ractifying 
Commutator 


























SWITCH, SWITCH. 











BUS BARS. 


CONNECTIONS FOR PARALLELING THREE-PHASK HIGH 
VOLTAGE GENERATORS. 


and Westinghouse Electric and Manvfacturing Co. 











Foy 


LABORATORY POLY PHASE SWITCHBOARD. 






SYNCHRONIZING ARRANGEMENTS, 













000. ————- 


wee ao Single-phase Synchronizing. } 
‘ . Pees yee pact sale 


: i, ‘Phase rélations of: 
Rey Converter. 








O30) de Two-phase synch ronizit ng. 











©) ORO} Fig ad re ie ; hee : lo} 
© Fay © Beso be Three-phase $ ya ehronizing. 5 














GA. OLTECTOR . 
C4MP 
Sy. 8D COVIERTER 
; . 4 
oF. J. ag PS. 


©) 64 |D. Mecerraecie. 









Gi PY / 
Bi PHZ. 
A2 PH -/. 










SS le, B2 PZ. 


LAMPS ON x 
AEAA | |e 
ar PANEL 
== Mee PE CE ATA of 2 Eee t SI 
| SWITCH | : 
a Re SYN. 44am Pe . : 


SIM.LAMP. “ 


| Swi7ce7| 





CONNECTIONS FOR MULTIPLE RUNM/NG OF TWO 4.4.0 VOLT GENERATORS. 


WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC awo MANUFACTURING COMPANY. 








Ee ; 
= 
= 
& 
oo 

Ly 


x | Apparent 


, 


far 


3 Ma : 
r Curves. | ~ 3 aaa 


horau 


e 
am 
Ne 


| 


ad 


C aeyany so mey bub 607 








EUGENE DIETZGEN CO., CHICAGO, 








CompensaterCloi/A 


eur F 





‘ ; Compensator Co:/ 8 
Switch and Compensator Connections for Starting 
Westinghouse Two-phase Ind. Motor. 


In above Alagram switch is thrown fo left for starting, 
and fo Leek running. 


ve Line 






\ 
|Running Position. 


‘ J 


Compensotor Col A 
CompensetorCoi/ 8 


Ste rting Positio n. 


ee OF Compensator bc tie ch ont: 


Variable starting EMF: and torgve obtained by connecting C to 2,3,or 4. 
C to 4 gives maximum EMF and Eile ati 
CerO3S: “ medium a re = 
CAPO: Oak Ge minimum “ D “ 














2 


* 
’ 


Both switchesup Both switches down 
minimum Starting maximum starting 
Current Torque, Heavy load 

running. 


Doub/e-pole down, 
Single-pole vp, 
Normal starting 
and running. 

















LINE LINE 
= DOUBLE POLE ~Y) : OOUBLE POLE 
Fuse etock | 4| FIGURE |. FUSE BLOCK 
fy I 
' Ri! QTARTING POSITION 
DOUBLE POLE | _ as OOUBLE POLE 
switch Ih gl | Ae OOUBLE THROW 
= SWITCH 
/ fos 
= =; 
\ CE LEVEL 

















. Connections for Normal Connections for Abnormal 





* Torque. Starting Torque. 
: ; LINE 
4 
= 
S S 

a Si Cc Cate 
i nS xe 
gS S Ca :) es 
BG) &s ce 
a &3 





~ 


a 
ei] OUTSIDE 









Connections when a Small Reducing Transformer for Holding Down the Starting 


. 4" / Current. 
; } reer ; : . , : erre 
—' Connections of WAGNER INDUCTION MOTOR for Various Operating Conditions. 


cx 
a ih = ik aw a 


Ph oe _ 














sHEEE oz 








. 
. 
< é 
- 
i ‘ 
i 
4 Y 2 
whe: . ma = 2 
=. : - 
o 
a - < 5 
’ 





COMPOSITE ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION. 
Bedel/s system, U.S. Patents, 645,907, 647,74/. 
Reference: EWE, 35: 9707 984; 30, June, /900, 





Choking Cor/s 
to allow 0.C. 
alone fo be 
taken from line._ 









a = 
Kos) A 
1 ><_' ground DR 


Diagram (lustrating Princ/ple, as applied To single phase system. 
Direct current must pass Aifferentially through primary col/s of trans- 
formers, and these musthave independent primary and secondary circuits. 





A.C. Transmission Line. 











D.c. Transmission Line. 





oe 
7 Switch 


Pulle y- 





Generator 
Dc. © AC. 






Synchronous 
Converter. 
as Motor 

or Generator 


Freld. 


Diagram of Connections for Single-phase System. 
STARTING A SYNCHRONOUS COMVERTER | 


BY DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMITTED OVER AN ALTERNATING CURRENT LINE. 
ais eae : 





o AL. Supply. 
oe oy peed 0 
4 ; a 
; ry fis) 


RB 
Ss 








D.C. Supply. — 
Dotted lines are for permanent can- 


nections if desired, — 


u 
! 
: are ' 
Switch § /s thrown fo left for starting por ae | Synchronous 
1 
' 
' 


_ Converter, 
Field. as Motor 
or Generator 


Converter and bringing if up fo Speed. . a3 
Throwing f right puts load on D.C. sioe. 


Diagram of Connections for Twa-phase System. 


49 











ps : = saciae tae 


fa) jl ten geet 5 g 
25:0|25,8\ 227 | 2).9) 20.8 
18.01/54! 4.7 199 2 | yee 
(G.81 10.44. (biges 2. 7 930 
Fah 61 7.3L 107) 6.64 4 o, 6). 
S44A\ S27) Fife 4, 9S) 4.80 
14:00 | 5.88. 377 | 5.66 | 555! 
12.98 2,90 2.82 | 2.74 | 2.66 | 
226 2.19 2.13. on 207 
Li Ad 166| 462 | 158 | Leda 
L506 L27/ 1238 tyes! i Fas 


_ 4.000 6 4 0.948 0. Cis 2 0.899 


0,165 0.795 0.726 9.706 (0,688 | 


SBF 0.569 0.554 0.559 0.524 


0. $94 OF32 O425 0.909 (0.397 [ 


EY FSF 0.526 0.5/6 0.507 0.298 0, 290 
0.2F0 0.293 0.23F 0.228 0.22/ 0.2/5 





a ae 7 Tae a, 
19.8 19.0 182 doe 16.7. 
ed Uz a a (21 16 hd 

9.00 8.69 8.39 8/0 783 
| 6.40 / Boe FID $80 S62. 
466 | 452 4.38 | 4.05 40/2 
o4e sas Ses) 3.26 (07 | 
259 2.52. 29S 258 23) | 
ADELA. L8S | 7:80 176 | 
1.99 LAS ta 42 4458, 134 
 A/4e dS. A085 W0SS 1027, 


O87S rah 852 0. 830 0. 808 0.787. 
0, 669 0.652 0.634 6. 6/7 Ld: 60/_ 
OS10- 
9586 1. 376. 0. S6F . 0. ay 0. 54S. 
oe 282. °. 273 la 265 0. 258. 
0.208 0.202 la, 196 0. 190. 


0.4/8 4 0.178 0/72 (O.767.. 0.16/ Os56 OS ST 0146 (0/41 OT. 


0.132 0. 128 0./23 OLD OME 2 
0.093 0,089 0086 0.0835 0.080 — 
0. 06F 0.060 0.057 O.0SF O0ITF 


‘Ole 0. 107 3 0.104 0. 100— 0.096 
0. O76 — 6. O74 O07) 0. 068 0065 
0.050 (0.048 0.046. 0. 044 0.042. 


0,040 0.038 0.036 0035 0.033 0.03/— (0,030 0,028 0,027, 0.025) 


7a b/e 


Ratio of ¢.p. of lamp under test fo cp. 


of Light Ratios for @ 00-parr Pao formation Bar. 


of Standard /amp used. 


- 0.496 “6. F835 0. 47\o, 457 





AOA TA 
A KAN 


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S & a 
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Bees 


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Pd 
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i i 
Wee 


Hl 
: ve is NLL lt j 
+ dis rity, + 
+ = ier iat a 
= 65 BS 1 oe ae 
ig ; 





meeecsteisseesaiiire Hecrereases | + 
pees iene Beuas sastesetod fered eratzctete BS tees ssessee 
HEHE aie re aaweeune d - Ente 
eS: ea 


rt t t P i ai 
gee Et eo aGbee nosimsstencsanwan ce ee 
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Feane b 
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SGuesiserefaees 


siitest ierte 
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He 
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f+. eae a +4 ane 
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pope et a et 
HY f ee soumen 


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ae N 


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SSE | 2 
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ie eo ee Ped de i% yt ee Tea ae eee os 
oe a 
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Uf Uf UY yyy | 
WII, Saeee 
| VI 507 LIM 





























ULM) Ay Mii 
Lt 
aueoguee as. 
He Wi) ie... _ ove 
poeeeee. 177) a : E 
L777 
W777 000077 io a erresentertsnccemers 















































































































































AI 00777 = 

“yy Yi 077 Ty YY 7 l shel Pee Fee 

ccoeeeraaa Hee srsrasss 
ae | , ur Ura mn arget dia ins showir ing i Sh as ae m4 


Journal Franklin Institute, Vol. 149, f.282. Art.~ INCANDESCENT LAMPS,” by FW Willcox 


53° 


/ 
as ; 
* * 7 _ , 
~~ = a - = = 
. oT | 








W418 
INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED. 
1 VOLTMETER READING 5 VOLTS; 1 AM- 


PERE METER READING 15 AMPERES, 600 





FEET #6 B&S CABLE, 600 FEET #10 





B & S CABLE, 2 PLUG CLAMPS LIKE 
~ SHOWN AT A SHEET 2, ONE PORTABLE 





REEL SHOWN AT B SHEET 2, PROVIDED 
1TH COMMUTATOR AS SHOWN er THE REEL 1S PROVIDED W1TH A SHELF TO 
WH1CH INSTRUMENTS AND SWITCH ARE SECURED. : 
IF TWO ADJACENT WATER PLUGS WHICH ARE ON THE SAME LINE OF P1PE BE 
CONNECTED TOGETHER ELECTRICALLY THROUGH AN AMPERE METER, 1F THERE 1S 
-|A CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE PIPE A PART WILL BE DIVERTED THROUGH THE 
EXTERNAL AMPERE METER C1RCU1T A-B WHEN SWITCH’E" 1s CLOSED. 1N ORDER 
TO DETERMINE THE CURRENT FLOW 1N WATER P1PE THE FOLLOWING READINGS 


1LL HAVE TO BE TAKEN VOLTS WITH SWITCH ‘2 OPEN Vj). 


THEN CLOSE SWITCH By AND READ VOLTS AGAIN V 22ALSO READ AMPERES FLOWIN 
& “Ay AND CALL THE NoRMA CURRENT FLOW 1N PIPEX". THEN 
X:Ar:V,:V 1-Yo aes «THIS 

1S APPROXIMATELY CORRECT. THE RESULTS MAY BE UNRELIABLE FROM THE 
FOLLOWING CAUSES: THAT THE TWO PLUGS MAY NOT BE ON THE SAME WATER 
MAIN, THEN THE AMPERE LEADS FORMS A JUMPER BETWEEN THESE TWO P1PES 
AND THERE 18 A VERY SLIGHT CHANGE OF VOLTAGE FOR CONSIDERABLE CURRENT 
FLOW AND SHOWS APPARENTLY VERY LOW RESISTANCE. A NUMBER OF ADJACENT 
PLUGS ALONG A STREET SHOULD BE MEASURED IN ORDER TO GET THE AVER- 

AGE CURRENT VALUE. A BAD PIPE JOINT WILL SHOW HIGH VOLTAGE ON OPEN 
~ |switcH aND LARGE CURRENT WITH SMALL DROP 1N VOLTAGE WHEN SWITCH ‘E” 1s 
CLOSED. THERE MAY BE CONSIDERABLE RESISTANCE 1N THE LATERAL P1PE 


ONNECTING THE PLUG TO THE MAIN P1PE WHEN THIS 18 THE CAUSE THE CLOSED 
54 














‘CIRCUIT VOLTS WILL BE 
LOW AND NO PERCEPTIBLE 
OR VERY LITTLE CURRENT 
FLOW, AND ADJACENT P1PE 
SECT1ON READINGS WILL 
NOT APPROXIMATE THE SAME 
VALUES WHICH THEY SHOULD 


SHOW. 








TEST FOR LOCAL EARTH RESISTANCE BETWEEN PIPE ANDO FAILS 
SLL DAGRAM W213/ 









- INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED ARE AS FOLLOWS: © ONE AMMETER READING TO 


¢ 


20 AMPERES, ONE VOLT METER READING TO 20 VOLTS, ONE CALIBRATED RHEO- 
ONE WATER PLUG CONNECT- 












Fos Ws MO) S-4 ©) OHMS W1TH CAPACITY oF 20 AMPERES, 







10N. AND 40 FEET OF ‘FLEX BLE CABLE #6 B & §; 40 FEET OF #0 B x Ss 
CABLE; AND TRACK CLAMPS ‘LIKE “SHOWN, IN ‘SKETCH # 131. 
THE CONNECT10NS To ‘BE MADE ARE 0 CONNECT ALL RAILS TOGETHER TO A 








CABLE WHICH CONNECTS: 1N SERIES THE BALSORATED: RHEOSTAT AND AMMETER, 






AND THEN CONNECTED Te ONE S1DE 2 THE PLUG CLAMP B. THE yee CON- 





TACT oF THE ‘PLUG ‘CLAMP 1s ‘CONNECTED TO ‘THE RAIL ‘THROUGH THE VOLT 
FIRST READ THE 





THE READINGS TO. ‘BE TAKEN ARE AS FOLLOWS: © 





METER . 
_VOLTMETER wiTH ANMBTER ‘cIRCUIT ‘OPEN ‘THEN CLOSE ANMETER CIRCUIT WITH 


THEN INSERT 











NO RESISTANCE IN RHEOSTAT AND READ VOLTS AND AMPERES. 






| ENOUGH RESISTANCE, in RHEOSTAT TO MAKE THE VOLTMETER READ JUST ONE 
“HALF THE AVERAGE VoLTs OF ‘THE PREVIOUS yout ‘METER ‘READINGS, ‘THEN T 









RESISTANCE INSERTED 1N THE RHEOSTAT 1S EQUAL TO THE RESISTANCE BE- 





TWEEN THE TRACK AND THE WATER PIPE SYSTEM. WHILE TH1S CONCLUSION 1S 
































veal l= j 

Se Neate 

pod ae ate 

a LJ = mus = 
e meficl J ae ea = 

Bee Re ae 

ae iJ = as a 

Seer ea 

=i | Bea 

ra | 7 ( ie  \\ Sm A AD R\ KA 
: aa eS VENUE NU NEETU NNINTANE LENIN INEIININNIUE NEIL 

YY YE PY OE PPP HP) WED Po 
; OM LISTE _ 

Re eee LUE EL AE S/S TANCE TEST FOR MEASUAING FAELA TIVE 
BETWEEN P/PE ANDO AAILS. NW2/3/ VALVES OF Val Ma 4 oe, Aa ABO 


INOT ABSOLUTELY TRUE 17 GIVES RESULTS NEARER THE TRUTH THAN THE DAILY 
VARIATION OF RESISTANCE BETWEEN WATER PIPES AND THE RAIL RETURN C1R- 
cuULT.. | ; 

THE PRACTICAL PURPOSESOF THESE TESTS ARE:TO LOCATE METALLIC 
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN RAILS AND SUBTERRANEAN METALLIC STRUCTURES; TO 
LOCATE NEUTRAL TERRITORY WHERE THERE 15 NO TENDENCY FOR THE CURRENT 
TO LEAVE THE RAILS OR PIPE SYSTEM; AND 1T WILL LOCALIZE THE DISTRICTS 
WHERE THE CURRENT LEAVES THE WATER P1PE SYSTEM AND ENTERS THE RAILS, 
AND THIS 1S THE DISTRICT WHERE DESTRUCTIVE ELECTROLYSIS MAY OCCUR. 

| THE ABOVE TESTS WILL NOT GIVE ALL THE NECESSARY 1NFORMAT1ON 


REGARDING ELECTROLYTIC CONDITIONS IN ORDER TO INDICATE THE CORRECT 
REMEDY. ; gee : 


THE NEXT TEST 1S ALSO NECESSARY- 
























ADP APALUS en nnnnninenninennniitmmnnn enearnniee ninsnamnnimmmmnnnmnane NOs OF SHC semrcrcearnearinnrunannnne 


Instruments 








Ps | 


. = eee : a - 
team | ee a Scaea tit = ge 
5 <> 7 \ . 


9G 











? 
ot ae 





i J r je 


wo . 5 » is 
_ a ee ee Te = a 

z eS ew 
4 . : 


ae Le WV 











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: 

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{ ; 
} : 
) 
: | 
| | 
| 
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hay | 
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NG. of Sheahen bate 


2 
~— 
= 
o 
= 
= 
-_ 
_— 
a 
= 
fea 








































































































EUGENE DIETZGEN CO... CHICAGO. 













































































































































































{ 


tit ye ob ee 


























